What are the basic techniques of the art of calligraphy?

There are Oracle Bone Script, Golden Script, Stone Drum Script, Big Seal Script, Clerical Script, Regular Script and so on.

1. Oracle Bone Script

Oracle Bone Script is an ancient Chinese script, which is also known as "qiwen", "oracle bone divination", "yinxu script" or "tortoise shell and animal bone script". "

It is an early form of the Chinese character, the oldest surviving mature script from the dynastic period of China, and was first unearthed in Yinxu, Anyang City, Henan Province. It belongs to the Upper Old Chinese (上古汉语), rather than to the Upper Old or primitive languages of other language families.

The oracle bone inscriptions, found in Yinxu, Anyang City, Henan Province, China, are a cultural product of the Shang Dynasty (ca. 17th - 11th centuries BC) and are about 3,600 years old.

The oracle bone script has a symmetrical and stable pattern. It is prepared with the three elements of calligraphy, i.e., the use of the brush, the knotting of characters, and the style of the chapter. In terms of the number of fonts and the way they are structured, the oracle-bone script has developed into a script with a more rigorous system.

The principle of "six books" of Chinese characters is reflected in the oracle bones. But the traces of the original pictorial script are still relatively obvious.

The oracle bone script is a cultural product of the Shang Dynasty (ca. 17th century BC - 11th century BC), about 3,600 years old.

2. Jinwen

Jinwen is a kind of script cast and engraved on the bells or tripods of bronzes. Jinwen began in the Shang Dynasty and flourished in the Zhou Dynasty, and it is a script developed on the basis of oracle bone inscriptions.

Because it was engraved on the bells and tripods, it is sometimes called Zhongdingwen (钟鼎文). According to statistics, Jinwen has about 3,005 characters, of which 1,804 are known, slightly more than the oracle bone script.

Golden script was inherited from the oracle bone script and the small seal script of the Qin Dynasty, and most of the handed down writings were engraved on the bells and tripods, which is why it is more likely to preserve the original writing than the oracle bone script, and has a simple and ancient style. Jinwen has contributed to the further development of calligraphy in terms of brushwork, characterization, and chaptering.

3, stone drum text

Shikuwen, pre-Qin carved stone text, because of its carved stone shape like a drum and named. Discovered in the early Tang Dynasty, *** counting ten, about three feet high, about two feet in diameter, respectively, engraved with a four-character poem in big seal script, *** ten, counting seven hundred and eighteen words.

The content of the stone drums was first thought to be a recounting of the hunting scenes of the King of Qin, so it was also known as the "Hunting Jie". In the Song Dynasty, after Zheng Qiao's "Preface to the Sound of the Stone Drums", the "Theory of the Stone Drums and Qin Objects" began to flourish.

The end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhenjun, the stone drum for the Duke of Qin Wen, the Republic of China, Ma Heng, broken for the Duke of Qin Mu, Guo Moruo, broken for the Duke of Qin Xiang, now Liu Xing, Liu Mu, is certified that the stone drum for the age of Qin Shihuang works.

Shidu engraved stone text more disabled, the northern song dynasty ouyang xiu recorded four hundred and sixty-five words, the ming dynasty fan's tianyiguo collection of only four hundred and sixty-two words, today's "horse recommendation" drum has no word. The original stone is now hidden in the Palace Museum stone drum museum.

4. Big Seal Script

The Big Seal Script is a commonly used script in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. It is said to have been created by Bo Yi of the Xia Dynasty. In the broader sense, the Big Seal refers to the script before the Small Seal, including Jinwen (or Zhongdingwen) and Zhouwen (a simplification of Jinwen), which is now included in the Big Seal because contemporary Chinese scholars estimate that there was still oracle bone writing in the Qin Dynasty.

The Big Seal Script (大篆) refers narrowly to the seal script (籀文), and the surviving stone carvings (石鼓文), which is named after the script written by Taishi Prefecture (太史籀), a scholar at the time of King Xuan of the Zhou Dynasty, and the Stone Drum Script (石鼓文), named for the drums it was engraved upon, is the earliest stone-carved script ever to have survived and is the progenitor of the Stone Sculptures.

5, Clerical Script

Clerical Script, Qin Clerical, Han Clerical, and so on, is generally believed to have developed from the seal script, the shape of the characters are broad and flat, long horizontal drawings and short vertical drawings, and pay attention to the "silkworm head, goose tail," "a wave of three twists and turns".

According to unearthed documents, the official script was first created in the Qin Dynasty, and legend has it that Cheng Miao made the official script, and the official script of the Han Dynasty reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty, bearing the tradition of the seal script on the top, and opening up the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties on the bottom, which had a great influence on the calligraphy of the later generations, and the calligraphy circles have the name of "Han Clerical Script and Tang Regular Script".

6, Regular Script

Regular Script is also called Regular Script, True Script and Regular Script. By the gradual evolution of the official script, more simplified, horizontal and vertical. The Dictionary explains that it is "square in form, with straight strokes, and can be used as a model". This kind of Chinese character font is upright, is the modern popular Chinese character handwritten orthographic characters.

The regular script is also an official name. The New Book of the Tang Dynasty - Hundred Officials Zhi II recorded that there were twenty people who wrote the Regular Script in the Historical Hall of the Zhongshu Province, and eighteen people who wrote the Regular Script of the State History. Regular book as an official name is also known as regular book hand, in charge of the repair and writing, in the same organization, because the specific division of labor is different.

Tongdian-vocational officials twenty-two recorded regular script hand for the flow outside the Hoonpin official. The Song Dynasty did not have the title of Regular Scribe, but Regular Scribe.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Ancient Writings