Plane layout and architectural characteristics of Naxi folk houses in Lijiang

The Naxi people's houses in Lijiang are generally two-story wooden buildings, about 7.5 meters high, and there are also a few three-story buildings, which are bucket structures with broken walls and tiled roofs and verandahs (that is, doorways). According to the different frame forms and verandahs, it can be divided into seven categories: bungalow, open building, rain mansion, arcade, savage building, stuffy building and rain mansion.

Most of the residential buildings in Old Town of Lijiang maintain the architectural characteristics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and are civil structures of "three squares, one wall, four entrances and five patios, one corner building". They pay attention to structural layout, pursue carving and decoration, and are exquisite, and are praised as "residential museums" by Chinese and foreign architectural experts. Three squares and one zhaobi are the most basic and common houses of Naxi nationality in Lijiang.

Structurally, the main house and one side are generally higher, facing south and facing the wall, mainly for the elderly to live in; The east and west wings are slightly lower and occupied by the next generation; Patio is used for living, mostly paved with bricks and stones, and often beautified with flowers and plants. If there is a house facing the street, residents will use it as a pavement. "The city depends on water, and the water comes with the city" is a major feature of the ancient city architecture.

There are three types of layout: three squares and one zhaobi, four entrances and five patios, front and rear courtyards, one entrance and two courtyards, two square corners, quadrangles, multiple courtyards and multi-courtyard combinations, among which three squares and one zhaobi and four entrances and five patios are typical. Three squares and one zhaobi, that is, one square in the main room, two squares in the left and right wing rooms, and the zhaobi opposite the main room, form a three-in-one courtyard. Four-in-five-patio refers to a closed four-in-one house composed of four houses: the main room, the lower room and the left and right wing rooms. In addition to a large patio in the middle, there are four small patios or leaky houses in the four corners. Three squares, one wall, four in one and five patios are the most basic and common forms in Lijiang dwellings, and other layout forms are their variation, evolution, development and combination.

The framework of Lijiang folk houses is very flexible. There are hanging mountains, and the main stress parts of the wooden frame are provided with members with binding functions such as "Ma Le hanging", "anchor", "crossing the square" and "Qian Jin". According to the inclination of 1%, the whole frame inclines the stigma inward and the column root outward, which enhances the stability of the frame. At the connection part of the frame, flexible connections such as "two tenons", "big tenon" and "flat tenon" are adopted respectively according to the stress situation, and the hidden tip of the well is set to facilitate earthquake resistance. Heavy (garbage) and light (wood) retaining walls are solid and practical. Lijiang folk houses are criss-crossed in shape combination and wheel corridor modeling. Beautiful corridors; The facade is mostly stone, plastered on the wall, bricked in the corner, covered with blue tiles, with harmonious colors and simple appearance. Lijiang folk houses attach great importance to the decoration of houses, focusing on the gatehouse, zhaobi, veranda, door-window partition, patio, beam imitation and so on.

There are three types of gatehouses: brick arch, wooden beam arch and wooden frame. Brick arch buildings are mostly in the form of three drops of water with high middle and low sides. Wooden lintel archway is a three-story archway supported by wooden lintel and covered with thin bricks. Wooden gatehouses are mostly double-slope roofs, and the eaves are decorated with multi-layer flower boards and flower covers. There are three drops of water on the zhaobi of ordinary houses, and the small zhaobi of the inner corridor is decorated with marble. The doors and windows of the house are decorated with woodcarving patterns such as blackbirds, flowers, chess, calligraphy and painting, stone utensils, etc., which are the product of combining function and art. In addition, beams, beams, railings, column bases, footstools, cornices, roofs and other wood, stone and tile parts are also decorated. For example, the beam head of a larger beam is carved into an animal head, commonly known as the "lion head", and some are carved into drums and bottles. The courtyards of ancient residential buildings are all paved with pebbles and five-flowered stones, and the pattern depends on the size of the courtyards or the preferences of the owners. The content involves flowers, snakehead, insects, folklore, fairy tales and so on. Simple technique and rigorous layout. A house with a large area and many courtyards generally consists of two squares, a zhaobi, a flowerbed and a pool. The inns in Old Town of Lijiang are basically designed by this kind of residential courtyard. Lijiang Xingyun Inn, located in the north of Old Town of Lijiang, is a good place for you to travel, with original Naxi folk house design and elegant environment, revealing the simplicity and enthusiasm of Naxi people.