Reprinted: What are the common project construction management modes in construction projects (DBB mode, EPC mode)?

Original title: What are the common project construction management modes in construction projects? -Zhihu (zhihu.com)

I. DBB mode

That is, design-bidding-construction mode, which is the most traditional project management mode. This management mode is the most common in the world and is widely used in loan projects of the World Bank and ADB and projects based on FIDIC contract conditions. Its most prominent feature is that it emphasizes that the implementation of engineering projects must be carried out in the order of design-bidding-construction, and another stage can only be started after one stage is over. The advantage of this model is that it is universal and can freely choose consultants, designers and supervisors. All parties are familiar with the use of standard contract texts, which is beneficial to contract management, risk management and investment reduction. The disadvantage is that the project can only be handed over to the owner through planning, design and construction, and the project cycle is long; The owner's management cost is high, and the initial investment is large; It is easy to cause more claims when changing.

Second, CM mode.

That is, the Construction-Management mode, also known as the stage contracting mode, means that when the fast-track method is used for construction, CM units with construction experience are hired to participate in the implementation process of the construction project from the beginning, providing construction suggestions for designers, and then managing the construction process. This mode has changed the traditional mode of bidding after the design is completed. The contract is awarded by stages, and a joint team composed of the owner, CM unit and design unit is responsible for organizing and managing the planning, design and construction of the project. CM unit is responsible for the supervision, coordination and management of the project, and meets with the contractor regularly during the construction stage to monitor the cost, quality and progress, and predict and monitor the changes of the cost and progress. CM model originated in the United States in 1960s, and has been widely popular abroad since 1980s. Its biggest advantage is that it can shorten the cycle from planning, design to completion, save construction investment, reduce investment risk and get benefits earlier.

Third, DB mode.

That is, the design-construction mode, that is, after the project principle is determined, the owner only chooses the only entity to be responsible for the design and construction of the project. The design-construction contractor is not only responsible for the cost of the design stage, but also can select subcontractors through bidding or use the company's professionals to complete the project, including design and construction. The only entity is responsible for the design and construction of the project. Design-construction contractors are not only responsible for the cost of the design stage, but also can select subcontractors through bidding or use our own professionals to complete the project, including design and construction. In this way, the owner first chooses a professional consulting organization instead of the owner to study and formulate the basic requirements of the proposed project, and authorizes a person with sufficient professional knowledge and management ability to contact the design-construction contractor as the owner's representative.

Fourthly, BOT mode.

Namely the build-operate-transfer mode. BOT mode is a project management mode that arose abroad in 1980s and relied on private capital to carry out government infrastructure projects or privatize state-owned infrastructure projects. The government opens the domestic infrastructure construction and operation market, authorizes the project company to be responsible for fund raising and organization construction, and is responsible for the operation and repayment after completion, and then hands it over to the government free of charge after the agreement expires. BOT mode does not increase the foreign debt burden of the host country, but can also solve the problem of insufficient infrastructure and construction funds. Project sponsors must have strong economic strength (big consortium), and the pre-qualification and bidding procedures are complicated.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) PMC pattern

That is, the project management contractor mode, that is, the owner hires a professional project management company to manage and serve the whole process or several stages of project organization and implementation on behalf of the owner. Due to the different participation and responsibilities of PMC contractors in project design, procurement, construction, commissioning and other stages, PMC mode has greater flexibility. Generally speaking, PMC has three basic application modes: 1. The owner selects design units, construction contractors and suppliers, signs design contracts, construction contracts and supply contracts with them, and entrusts PMC contractors to manage the project. 2. The owner signs a project management contract with the PMC contractor. The owner selects the design unit, construction contractor and supplier (or part of them) through designation or bidding, but does not sign the contract. PMC contractors sign design contracts, construction contracts and supply contracts with them respectively. 3. The owner signs the project management contract with the PMC contractor, and the contractor chooses the construction contractor and supplier independently, signs the construction contract and supply contract, but is not responsible for the design work.

Sixth, EPC mode.

That is, design-procurement-construction mode, which is also called "general contracting" mode in China. Under EPC mode, the project includes not only the specific design work, but also the overall planning of the whole construction project content and the planning and specific work of the implementation organization and management of the whole construction project. In EPC mode, the owner only needs to roughly explain the investment intention and requirements, and the rest work is completed by EPC contractor; The owner does not hire a supervision engineer to manage the project, but manages it by himself or appoints the owner's representative to manage the project; The contractor bears most risks, such as design risks, natural force risks and unforeseen difficulties; Lump sum contract is generally adopted. In the traditional contract mode, materials and engineering equipment are usually purchased by the general contractor of the project, but the owner can keep the risk of purchasing some important engineering equipment and special materials during the project implementation. In the EPC standard contract conditions, it is stipulated that the contractor is responsible for all the design and undertakes all the responsibilities of the project, so the owner cannot interfere with the contractor's work too much. The basic starting point of EPC contract conditions is that the owner rarely participates in project management, because the contractor bears most of the risks of project construction, and the owner focuses on completion acceptance.

VII. Cooperation Mode

That is, the Partnering model is a project management model that determines the same goal of construction projects on the basis of fully considering the interests of all parties. It generally requires the owners and the parties involved in the construction to reach a short-term or long-term agreement on the basis of mutual trust and resource sharing. By establishing a working group, cooperating with each other, communicating in time and avoiding disputes and lawsuits, * * * will solve the problems arising in the implementation of the construction project, and * * * will share the project risks and related expenses to ensure the realization of the goals and interests of all parties. The partnership agreement is not only an agreement between the owner and the construction unit, but also needs to be signed by all the participants in the construction project, including the owner, general contractor, subcontractor, design unit, consulting unit and main material and equipment suppliers. Partnership agreements generally focus on the three major objectives of construction projects, as well as engineering change management, dispute and claim management, safety management, information communication and management, and public relations.