Confucius is which dynasty

Confucius was the first patriarch of Confucianism, the core doctrine of Chinese culture, and was already known as the "Sage of Heavenly Indulgence" and "Heavenly Muduo", one of the most knowledgeable people in society at that time, and was honored by the rulers of the later generations as the Sacred and Great Sacred Master, The Teacher of All Worlds. We have shared the information of Confucius for you, take a look!

Confucius Dynasty:

Late Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty

Confucius, named Qiu, the word Zhongni, the late Spring and Autumn Period of the State of Lu, the Zuoyi (present-day southeast of the city of Qufu, Shandong Province, China) people. He was a famous thinker, educator, philosopher, and founder of the Confucian school in the late Spring and Autumn period of China. Confucius was the first patriarch of Confucianism, the core doctrine of Chinese culture. He collected the great achievements of ancient Chinese culture, and revised the Poetry, the Book, the Rites, the Music, the Yi, and the Spring and Autumn Annals, and was known as the "Sage of the Heavenly Indulgence" and the "Wooden Duo of the Heavenly", and was one of the most knowledgeable people in the society at that time. During his lifetime, he was already known as the "Sage of Heavenly Indulgence" and "Muduo of Heaven", and was one of the most learned men in society at that time, and was honored by the rulers of the later generations as the Most Sacred, the Most Sacred Sage Teacher of the Great Success, and the Teacher of the World. He put forward the doctrine of "benevolence", that is, he asked the rulers to be considerate of the people's feelings, cherish the people's strength, and refrain from oppressing the people excessively, so as to alleviate class conflicts; and he advocated ruling the people by virtue, opposing tyranny and arbitrary killing. His doctrine became the orthodoxy of our feudal culture for more than two thousand years. He organized private schools, breaking through the government monopoly and expanding the scope of education, with 3,000 students and 72 sages. He advocated "teaching students according to their aptitude" and taught them to "learn from the past and know the new", combining learning and thinking. His Confucianism has had a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and Confucius is listed as one of the "Ten Most Famous People in the World". Confucius was honored as the founder of Confucianism (non-Confucianism), and with the expansion of his influence, the Confucius festival once became a "great festival" of the same level as God and the country's ancestral gods. This honor is the only one that Confucius has had in the past.

Confucius' Political Career

Early Education

Confucius' early life was extremely difficult. His mother died when he was 24 years old, and Confucius wished to bury his parents together. In order to inquire about his father's burial place, he stopped his mother's coffin at the intersection (五父之衢) and inquired from passers-by. Later, his mother's neighbor, Father Man's mother, told Confucius where Shulianghe's tomb was located, and Confucius then buried his parents together in Defense. The next year, when Confucius was mourning for his mother, the Jisun clan held a banquet for people of the rank of scholar (飨士). Confucius went there, but was reprimanded and refused by Yang Hu, a vassal of the Jisun clan. However, later scholars doubt that this incident is a forgery.

In the midst of all the hardship, Confucius was a man of learning, and he visited many famous masters to learn from them. In the 17th year of the reign of Duke Zhaogong of Lu, the ruler of Tancheng State, Tanzi, visited Lu. Tantanzi erudite, 27-year-old Confucius worship. Han Yu's "Teacher's Commentary" has a saying: Confucius studied with Tantan Zi. Confucius asked Laozi about his rituals, learned to play the qin from Xiangzi, and visited the carambola.

Around the age of thirty, some of the first disciples came to Confucius. Since then, Confucius has been engaged in the cause of education, and he has collected a wide range of disciples, and has passed on three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages. He was the first to advocate teaching without discrimination and teaching according to ability, and became the pioneer and representative of academic downstream and private lectures at that time, so he was honored as the "teacher of the ages" and "the most sacred teacher".

Adapted to Qi

At the age of 35, Duke Zhaodong of Lu was defeated by Shusun, Jisun, and Mengsun, the three Huan大夫(叔孙), who were in power in Lu, and fled to Qi, where Confucius left Lu for Qi. Confucius once talked about music with the Qi master, heard and practiced the beauty of shao music, and did not know the taste of meat for three months. When Duke Jing of Qi asked Confucius about his politics, Confucius said: "A ruler is a ruler, a minister is a minister, a father is a father, and a son is a son. Duke Jing of Qi said, "Good! The letter is like the king is not a king, the minister is not a minister, the father is not a father, and the son is not a son. Even if there is corn, can I eat it? He asked Confucius about his politics, and Confucius said, "Politics is about saving money. Duke Jing wanted to appoint Confucius as the Nixi field, but was advised by Yan Ying, the prime minister of Qi, to stop him. Later, he was told that the Qi ministers wanted to harm Confucius, so the Duke of Jing had no choice but to bring him back to Lu, where he gathered disciples and taught them.

The first time in Lu

In the ninth year of Duke Ding's reign, at the age of fifty-one, Confucius served in Lu, initially as Zhongdu Zai (Zhongdu is in present-day Wenshang County, Shandong Province), and then one year later as Sikong, and later as Dasikou. In the 10th year of Duke Lu's reign, Duke Lu and Duke Jing of Qi met in Jiegu, where Confucius won a diplomatic victory, causing Qi to return Wenyang and other places that had been invaded by Lu. In the thirteenth year of Duke Lu's reign, in order to re-establish the authority of the Duke of Lu's office, Confucius planned and carried out the political and military action of aborting Sandu, hoping to cut down the strength of the three Huan dafu, and then aborting first the Shusun clan's fenix, and then the Jisun clan's fei, however, the siege into the offensive eventually failed. In the 14th year of Duke Lu's reign, he took charge of the ministerial affairs, and was convicted of the five evils, convicted of speech, and put to death Shao Zhengmao.

The state of Lu under the rule of Confucius was quite prosperous, which caused the Qi people to be afraid, and the Qi doctor Liao Miao designed to present the female Le Wenma to Lu, which caused the Duke of Lu not to ask about the government. This made it difficult to bridge the moral and political differences between Confucius and the Duke of Lu, Ji Zi, and so on, and Confucius eventually left Lu for Wei.

Traveling around the world

After leaving Lu, Confucius traveled around the world at the head of his disciples, passing through Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Ye, and Chu. In the meantime, Confucius and his entourage were trapped and in danger many times in Kuang, Song, and Pu.

During his stay in Wei

When Confucius arrived in Wei, he passed through Kuangcheng on his way to Chen, and Yan Hui lifted up his strategy and pointed to the gap outside the Guo, saying, "In the past, I entered this place, and it was missing from there." Because of his tall stature, Confucius was mistaken by the people of Kuang for the Yanghu of Lu, and was rounded up. Feeling angry, Zi Lu seized his halberd and prepared to fight, but was stopped by Confucius. In the process, Confucius was separated from Yan Hui and thought that Yan Hui was dead.

Duke Ling of Wei offers Confucius the same treatment he received in Lu. After living there for a while, Confucius is falsely flattered, and he leaves in fear of being convicted.

After a few months in Pucheng, Confucius returns to Wei. He was advised to meet Nanzi, the wife of the Duke of Wei Ling, if he wanted to make a difference, but he refused. But later, he had to go to pay his respects, and when Confucius entered the country, he faced the north and bowed his head to the ground, not daring to look directly at him; Mrs. Nanzi also worshiped Confucius again in the curtain. When Zi Lu was informed of this, he was very upset over this matter and did not say anything on the surface, but Confucius understood it in his heart. Confucius then told Zi Lu that his earlier persistence was annoying even to heaven. A few months later, the Duke of Wei Ling and his wife Nanzi were traveling in the same car, with Confucius as the second, and the rest of the officials in the back, passing by in the market. Confucius was ashamed of this incident, and when Yan Chieh asked what the shame was, Confucius sighed: I have not seen, good virtue is like good sex, and then left Wei.

Major Achievements

The Doctrine of Morality

Confucius constructed a complete system of ideas on the "Way of Virtue": at the individual level, he advocated the virtues and virtues of "benevolence, propriety and propriety". The ideological system of "virtue" is based on the theory of goodness of nature ("one yin and one yang is called the way, followed by the goodness, and the nature of the successor"), with the establishment of the human pole ("three poles of the way") as the ultimate goal, and with the humane and heavenly and terrestrial paths, and the humane and timely change as a methodology. The system of thought is complete.

Confucius created a moral doctrine centered on benevolence, and he himself was a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, and sincere and generous to others. "Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you", "A gentleman is a man of beauty, not a man of evil", and "Be generous to yourself, but not to others", are all his rules of conduct. "I am ten years old and determined to learn, thirty years old and established, forty years old and not confused, fifty years old and know the fate of heaven, sixty years old and obedient, seventy years old and follow my heart's desires without overstepping the bounds of the rules." This is Confucius' summary of the stages of his life.

Confucius' Ren says that it embodies the spirit of humanity. Confucius's doctrine of propriety embodies the spirit of propriety, that is, order and system in the modern sense of the word. Humanitarianism, which is the eternal theme of mankind, is applicable to any society, any era, and any government, while order and system society is the basic requirement for the establishment of a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and spirit of order of Confucius is the essence of ancient Chinese socio-political thought.

Political Doctrine

The core of Confucius's political thought was "propriety" and "benevolence". This kind of governance strategy is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by rites". This strategy applied morals and rites to the people and strictly followed the hierarchical system, dividing the nobles and the common people into the rulers and the ruled. It breaks down an important boundary between the nobility and the common people.

Confucius lived in the Western Zhou patriarchal system of ritual tradition deeper Lu, when the Zhou dynasty's ruling power has existed in name only, the war between the vassals each other, the emergence of the "king's way of mourning, the abolition of the rites and righteousness of the regime is lost, the family is different from the custom" of the social reality, "the king is not the king, the subject is not the subject, the father is not the father, The social reality of the era was characterized by "king without a king, minister without a minister, father without a father, and son without a son". The intensification of social conflicts hindered the development of productive forces, and the spirit and beliefs of people were destroyed as never before. These **** with constitute the historical origin and social conditions for the emergence of Confucius' political thought, "benevolence" and "propriety" is the basic spirit of his political thought.

The highest political ideal of Confucius is to establish a "commonwealth society". The basic characteristics of the "commonwealth" society are: the road is smooth, "the world is common", and therefore can "choose the wise and capable, talk about faith and cultivate harmony", "people are not only their relatives, not only the son of their own The basic characteristics of the world are: the world is a fair place, so it can "choose the wise and the capable, talk about faith and cultivate harmony", "people are not alone in kissing their relatives, not alone in having their own children, so that the old have an end, the strong have a use for it, the young have a growth, and the widowed, lonely, invalid and sick people have support.

In a world of commonwealth, the people of the world, not only to their own families as relatives, not only to their own parents and children as love, but to honor each other, love all the people in the world. So that the old will have a good life, the strong will have a use, the children will all have warmth and care, the lonely and the disabled will all have something to rely on, the men will each have their own business, and the women will have a satisfactory home. Conspiracies and frauds do not flourish, thefts and scourges do not occur, the roads do not stop, no one closes his house at night, everyone speaks of faith and cultivates good relations, and chooses the wise and capable. This is an idealized picture of the legendary Yao and Shun era of primitive society, but also the highest ideal society envisioned by Confucius.

The lower political goal that Confucius advocated was a well-off society. The basic characteristics of a well-off society are: the Great Way is hidden, "the world is a family", "each pro its relatives, each son of its son, the goods force for their own", and this uneven wealth, nobility and inferiority of the appropriate, a series of rules and regulations, ethics and morals. "to correct the ruler and ministers, to be faithful to father and son, to be harmonious with brothers, to be harmonious with husband and wife", "to set up a field, to be wise and courageous", and accordingly to set up "a city, a castle, a ditch and a pond to be solid". As a result, "the strategy was made, and the army started from it". Obviously, this kind of society is not as perfect as the "Pax Romana" world, but there is normal order, and there are rites, benevolence, faith, and righteousness, so it is called Xiaokang. This kind of society actually describes the "heyday" of class society after the emergence of "private ownership".

Confucius's ideals of a commonwealth society and a well-off society had a profound impact on later generations of Chinese people. Later, in different periods of history, thinkers at different stages put forward different content of the blueprint and goals, this idea of progressive thinkers, reformers also have a certain inspiration, Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Yat-sen are affected by its influence.

Being in a chaotic world, Confucius advocated a benevolent government with no room for maneuver, but in the 'three months' of governing the state of Lu, he made the mighty state of Qi fear Confucius's talent, which shows that Confucius deserved the title of an outstanding statesman.

Economics

Confucius's economic thought is mainly the concept of righteousness and profit, and the idea of "seeing profit and thinking of righteousness" and "enriching the people". This is also the main content of Confucian economic thought, which has a greater impact on later generations.

What Confucius called "righteousness" is a social moral code, and "profit" refers to people's pursuit of material benefits. In the relationship between "righteousness" and "profit", Confucius put "righteousness" in the first place. He said, "Seeing profit, think of righteousness." He demanded that people should first consider how to comply with "righteousness" in the face of material interests. He believed that "righteousness should then be taken", that is to say, only in accordance with "righteousness" can one obtain it. Confucius even advocated in the Analects of Confucius - Zihan, that is, to speak less of "profit", but not no "profit".

Confucius said, "To be unrighteous and rich is like a floating cloud." To be rich and powerful by doing things that are not in accordance with morality is like a floating cloud, and he disdained the use of unrighteous means to gain wealth and power. In his mind, righteousness is the highest value of life, and when there is a conflict between wealth and righteousness, he would rather be poor than give up righteousness. Confucius also believed that the attitude toward "righteousness" and "profit" could distinguish "gentleman" from "villain". A "gentleman" with morals easily understands the importance of "righteousness", while a "villain" lacking moral cultivation only knows "profit" but not "benefit". The "little man" who lacks moral cultivation only knows "profit" but not "righteousness". This is what Confucius said in the "Analects of Confucius - Li Ren", "the gentleman is a metaphor for righteousness, and the villain is a metaphor for profit".

Some people think that since Confucius emphasizes "righteousness", he is bound to despise manual labor. This view is wrong. In the Analects of Confucius, it is recorded that he was very dissatisfied with his disciple Fan Chi, who wanted to study agriculture, and called him a "little man", because Confucius believed that people should have greater ideals and pursuits, and should take on greater responsibilities. He wanted his student to be a bearer of values, not a peasant.

Because of his conservative political attitude, Confucius' approach to reforming the economic system also reflected conservative thinking. For example, in the fifteenth year of the reign of Duke Xuan of Lu (594 BC), the first tax of mu was introduced, legally recognizing the legal status of private land, which was a major economic reform in the Spring and Autumn period; however, according to Zuo Zhuan, when Confucius revised the Spring and Autumn Annals and recorded the "first tax of mu", his purpose was to criticize the "non-ritualistic" nature of the tax. The purpose of the tax was to criticize it as "not a rite of passage". If the people were not rich, the ruler would not be rich. It is also recorded in the Analects of Confucius that Confucius advocated "to benefit the people because of their interests", i.e., to do only what is beneficial to the people. On the other hand, he also advocated that taxes should be lighter and that the imposition of corvée duties should not delay the farming season. As recorded in the Analects of Confucius, Confucius also preached to the rulers of his time, asking them not to be too extravagant and to pay attention to thrift and frugality. He said, "Extravagance is not submissive, while frugality is solid. Instead of being insubordinate, it is better to be solid." At the same time, he also advocated "saving and loving". This includes the application of Confucius' idea of "benevolence" to the economic field.

Education

Confucius was the first in Chinese history to propose that human beings are gifted with similar qualities, and that the differences in their personalities are mainly due to their education and the social environment ("Similarities in nature are also similar, and differences in habits are also far apart"). Therefore, everyone can be educated and everyone should be educated. He advocated "education for all", founded private schools, recruited students, broke the monopoly of the slave-owning aristocracy on school education, and expanded the scope of education to the common people, which was in line with the trend of social development at that time.

Confucius advocated the idea of "Learning is good," that is, to be an official after learning and having the ability to do so. His educational goal was to cultivate political gentlemen, who must have a high moral character, so Confucius emphasized that school education must put moral education in the first place ("Disciples are filial piety, brotherly love, prudence and faith, love all people, but pro-kindness, line of work is not enough, in order to learn the text").

The main elements of Confucius' moral education are "rites" and "benevolence". Among them, "rite" is the moral code, "benevolence" is the highest moral standard. "Rites" is the form of "benevolence" and "benevolence" is the content of "rites". With the spirit of "benevolence", "rites" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he puts forward the methods of establishing ambition, self-restraint, practicing and carrying out actions, introspection, and the courage to change one's ways.

"Learning to know" is the leading idea of Confucius' teaching thought. While advocating not to be ashamed to ask questions and to learn with an open mind, he emphasized the combination of learning and thinking ("to learn without thinking is confusing, to think without learning is perilous"), and also the need to "apply what one has learned" and to apply what one has learned to the practice of society.

Confucius in the teaching methodology requires teachers to "teach without class", "the state of the world" concept of education, "according to the material" "heuristic" methodology, emphasizing the importance of the "teaching", "heuristic" methodology, and the "teaching", "heuristic" methodology, and the "teaching" methodology. "methodology, focusing on children, enlightenment education. He taught students to have an honest attitude to learning, to be modest and studious, and to review the knowledge they have learned from time to time, so as to "learn from the past and know the new", to broaden and deepen the new knowledge, and to "learn from the past and learn from the past". He was the first to propose heuristic teaching. He said: "not angry not start, not want not send." It means that teachers should be in the students seriously think, and has reached a certain level when the right inspiration and enlightenment.

He was also the first educator to adopt the method of teaching according to the ability of the students in teaching practice. Through conversation and individual observation, he understood and familiarized himself with the personality traits of his students, and based on this, he adopted different educational methods according to the specific conditions of each student, and cultivated talents in various aspects such as virtue, speech, politics, and literature. Confucius loved the cause of education and spent his whole life in educational activities. He never tired of learning and was tireless in teaching. He not only taught by words, but also by example, and inspired his students with his own exemplary behavior. He loved his students and they respected him, and the relationship between teachers and students was very cordial. He was a shining example of a teacher in ancient China.

Confucius' educational activities not only trained many students, but also put forward his educational doctrine on the basis of practice, laid a theoretical foundation for ancient Chinese education.

Historical Thought

One of the most important ideas in Confucius' thought on history is "straightness", that is, the study of history should be factual, and not only focus on the basis of the study, but also "to know is to know, and not to know is not to know" (The Analects of Confucius - The Analects of Confucius - The Analects of Confucius). "(The Analects of Confucius - For the Government), he strongly opposed those who are arrogant and not straight, saying: "arrogant and not straight, Dong and unwilling, simple-minded and unbelieving, I don't know what I am doing." ("Analects of Confucius - Tai Bo") This consistent assertion of his is also reflected in his attitude towards history.

Confucius's view of history is not only reflected in his attitude to history and his claim to history, but also in his view of historical development. Confucius believed that history is constantly "gain and loss", he said: "Yin because of the summer ritual, the loss and gain can be known; Zhou because of the Yin ritual, the loss and gain can be known." (The Analects of Confucius, "The Way of Governance") (The Analects of Confucius - For the Government) The Zhou Dynasty reached an unprecedented civilization precisely on the basis of the summing up of the Xia and Yin Dynasties. History is not retrogressive, but rather, it is later on, and it is moving forward. Although this idea is very hazy, it is a valuable beginning of the theory of evolution in the history of Chinese historiography.

Aesthetic Thought

The core of Confucius' aesthetic thought was the unity of beauty and goodness, and the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "Poetry and Teaching", that is, the combination of literature and art and political morality, the literary arts as a means of social and political change, an important way to cultivate sentiment. Moreover, Confucius believed that a perfect man should cultivate himself in poetry, etiquette and music. Confucius's aesthetic thought had a great influence on the theory of literature and art in later times.

Confucius clearly put forward the famous aesthetic propositions such as "beauty is in the middle" and "seeing is believing" in Yixue. Published by the People's Publishing House, The Child Asks for Easy puts forward the beauty of Yizong on the basis of Yizong - the beauty of yang and yin and yin and yang; the beauty of life; the beauty of freedom; the beauty of neutrality and harmony. It argues that "the beauty of yin and yang, the beauty of life, the beauty of freedom, and the beauty of neutrality can be called the Zong of aesthetics".

Writings

Compilation of Quotations

Confucius's writings are mainly recorded in the Analects. The Analects is one of the classic works of the Confucian school, compiled by the disciples of Confucius and his re-disciples. It is mainly written in the style of discourse and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and focusing on his political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.

The Analects of Confucius, together with the University, the Meanwhile, and Mencius, were known as the Four Books after the Southern Song Dynasty. The general version of the Analects of Confucius **** twenty. The language of the Analects is simple and concise, with profound meanings, many of which are still regarded by the world as "micro-aggressions".

Documentation

Confucius devoted to education in his later years, repairing the Poetry, the Book, the Rites, the Music, the preface of the Zhouyi (known as the "Book of Changes", or Yi Chuan), writing the Spring and Autumn Annals. Later generations collectively called the Six Classics.

Poetry

According to legend, Confucius wrote "Going to Lu", "Platypus Song", "Turtle Mountain Exercise", "Plate Exercise", "Interlace Exercise", "Will return to the Exercise", and "Getting the Lin", etc. These poems are mostly contained in the "Music", which is a collection of poems that were written by Confucius. These poems are mostly contained in the Lefu Poetry Collection, which is not very credible.