Kneel for answers! ! Patterns of Neolithic painted pottery? Plant patterns in the Southern and Northern Dynasties? What are the characteristics of eggshell pottery? Thank you! !

The origin of ceramic decorative painting can be traced back to the Neolithic painted pottery culture 7000-8000 years ago. China Neolithic pottery was widely distributed, and a large number of cultural relics were unearthed in the north and south. Among them, the most representative are Yangshao culture in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, Majiayao culture and Dawenkou culture in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Other cultures in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as Longshan culture and Liangzhu culture, are also representative. There are also Qijia culture and Qujialing culture. The upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are famous for painted pottery, while the lower reaches are famous for exquisite white pottery and black pottery. The southeast coastal area is represented by Tao Wei, and the prints are hard, while the northern area is rich in national characteristics because of the modeling of utensils.

In recent years, with the upsurge of cultural relics collection, the value of ancient painted pottery has been gradually recognized by people. At that time, people were able to fire painted pottery at a high temperature of 900 to 1000 degrees. Draw different patterns on the red blank with various colors such as red, black, white, yellow and ochre. Before painting, paint a layer of white pottery as the base. After firing, the color pattern is fixed on the surface of the pottery and is not easy to fall off. From Yangshao culture in the west to Dawenkou culture in the east, there are dazzling and colorful painted pottery art. Painted pottery pays attention to color contrast and combination of yin and yang in technique. Patterns mainly include human patterns, animal patterns, plant patterns, flower patterns, cirrus patterns, dots, diagonal patterns, geometric patterns and other patterns. Whether it is the modeling of vessels or paintings, it embodies the genius imagined by artists at that time and the imprint of life.

Yangshao culture mainly originated in Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Yangshao culture can be divided into Banpo type and Miaodigou type. Banpo painted pottery is mostly painted in ink, with popular interior colors, developed animal patterns, strong decorative animal patterns and fascinating and realistic animal images. In addition, geometric patterns are also very rich. Animal pattern pottery includes fish pattern painted pottery basin and four deer pattern painted pottery basin. Geometric patterns mainly include broadband patterns, triangular patterns, diagonal patterns, mesh patterns and zigzag patterns. Miaodigou painted pottery is generally painted in ink, and some painted pottery is painted in red or red ink. Painted pottery was mostly applied to the outside and mouth of utensils, and no internal color was found. There are not many animal patterns, such as bird patterns, frog patterns, frog body patterns, waterfowl, fish patterns and so on.

Majiayao culture is mainly distributed in Gansu and Qinghai. It can be divided into four types: Shilingxia type, Majiayao type, Banshan type and Racecourse type. The patterns of painted pottery in these four different periods are different. Except for some pictographic patterns, most of them are geometric patterns, but they all have the same feature, that is, their patterns are characterized by compact structure, changeable gyration, large decorative surface and vortex patterns. The vortex pattern composed of curves in Majiayao culture is one of the most complex, perfect and typical geometric patterns. In addition, there are concentric circles, triangles, sawtooth patterns, bird patterns, frog patterns and so on. Their smooth and free brushwork and superb decoration level reflect the charm of the original painting art.

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Traditional mythical animal patterns in the Han Dynasty, such as the "chess pattern" of dragons and phoenixes, the "hanging curtain pattern" composed of side-by-side triangles, and the decoration of moire patterns, still had a certain position in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In particular, the decoration of clouds and gas has been greatly developed, and it is full of the effect of flying high. The new pattern of this period is "rolling grass".

The "rolling grass" pattern originated in the Near East, and later became popular in Europe and Asia, with various deformations, becoming the most common pattern in the world decorative arts. It can be said that the curly grass pattern appeared in the side band of bronze mirrors at the end of Han Dynasty, and it only became popular in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. As we know today, the scroll grass pattern is applied to the side of stone tablets, the periphery of epitaphs, the backlight of Buddha statues and the decorative patterns of Dunhuang buildings. The scroll grass patterns in Dunhuang architectural decorative patterns are rich and colorful, and they are systematic materials for comparative study.

Among the decorative patterns of Dunhuang architecture in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the grass scroll pattern is mainly two continuous strip structures. Some are strict and some are free. There are regular and rigorous double-sided continuous patterns on each truss of bucket wire caisson. Relative freedom is more common between the niche lintel and the herringbone slope at the front and back slopes of the cave roof.

The pattern of rolling grass is basically composed of leaves. The simplest time is three big petals, one small petal on each side. There are many deformations in the arrangement of leaf tissues. As can be seen from the pattern of algae wells, there are single leaves, Shuang Ye and Shuang Ye, and the two leaves are opposite, opposite or inverted. The arrangement of leaves is different between horizontal and vertical rows. Organization is different from complicated overlapping and winding. The algae wells in Dunhuang are all painted. The color of turmeric leaves is either painted flat in monochrome or "faded" layer by layer with different concentrations of colors to produce a relief effect. Some grass-rolling patterns are obviously China in shape, and the leaves of grass-rolling dance like flames, and the cloud-gas patterns popular in Han Dynasty are mixed with foreign grass-rolling. This phenomenon can be seen not only in the architectural decoration of Dunhuang, but also in the marginal decoration of epitaphs unearthed in mainland China at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The relief decoration of Xiangtang Mountain with rolling grass pattern has a special organization and style, as new as the statue of Xiangtang Mountain.

In addition, some plant leaf patterns, such as bodhi leaves, are more common on the front, back and side of various Buddha statues.

The plant patterns in the Southern and Northern Dynasties later developed into flower and bird decorations in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Flowers, birds, fish and insects began in the Southern Dynasties, but there is still a lack of specific physical materials.

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The origin of eggshell pottery is mainly distributed at the intersection of low hills and rivers, mainly in Zhangqiu, Linyi, Zibo, Rizhao and other places. The so-called "eggshell pottery" is a kind of high-handle cup with exquisite production, small shape, black and bright appearance and thin ceramic tire as eggshell. Only seen in the typical Longshan culture, not all thin-walled pottery is "eggshell pottery". The expert's conclusion is well-founded, because high-handle cups are very representative. The weight of high-handle cups under 25 cm is generally below 70 g, and their characteristics are: "black as paint, bright as a mirror, thin as paper and hard as porcelain".