How to understand the origin of human socio-politics and the main features of each stage of development

The earliest society of mankind was an obscurantist society, like the few indigenous tribes that are isolated today, in a natural mode, where people were materially poor, but all were equal and at peace with each other. Next with material abundance, private ownership began to emerge and mankind entered a savage and violent society. This is a freedom model. There were no laws or morals, the rites of passage were broken, and society was in a "war of every man against every man". The stage of violence is still a primitive stage of equality. Violence is first and foremost a form of evil, and the source of violence is the evil of human nature. Lao Tzu said, "A soldier is an ominous weapon, not a gentleman's weapon; it must be used as a last resort, and tranquility is superior."

Because of the innate desire for violence, the "theory of sexual evil" is formed. Violence comes from a sense of physical equality, where the weak survive and the strong survive. Society relies on violence and vengeance to maintain a balance of justice and primitive order, "the father of the murderer, the man also kills his father; the brother of the murderer, the man also kills his brother". For people in this mode of freedom, the only way to reduce violence is to isolate themselves from each other and return to an obscurantist society, where "small nations and small people" and "a common world", where "the sound of dogs and chickens is heard, and old people do not communicate with each other", are the most ideal way of life. The "small country, small people" and "cosmopolitan world" are the most ideal obscurantist societies, in which people are less violent because of their distance from each other. The reason why the Chinese were so keen on building walls was to isolate themselves from people and violence. Arguably, the Great Wall is the world's earliest and largest wall of separation from violence.

Tolstoy, the pioneer of nonviolence, criticized the society system, saying, "Whichever party comes to power, if it is to retain it, it must not only make use of the existing means of violence, but must also discover new means of violence." The society of power is the stage of hooliganism before mankind enters civilization. Hooliganism refers to both spiritual and material shortages. In the hooligan age, violence is institutionalized and integrated into a power. Power conceals the bloodshed of violence and turns induced violence into a form of terror and deterrence. Unused violence does not hide its brutal nature, so rogue power is a unification and monopolization of violence, an extreme inequality.

Power is most likely to stir up the dirtiest, lowest part of human nature. When the inequality of power is so serious that society cannot bear it, when the terror of violence completely collapses, the last insignificant straw will crush a harmonious society of power, and make society return to the equal and barbaric state of violent society, "those who have revenge, and those who have injustice." Violence puts people back in a state of equal savage freedom.

Under the freedom model, the proliferation of violence leads to the complete disappearance of power, and the last most powerful violent hooligans win, so as to deprive and eliminate the violence of others, forming a monopoly of the hooliganism of the power society, which can also be called "totalitarianism". Havel once said, "The best way to resist totalitarianism is to banish it completely from our own souls, from our surroundings, from our earth, from contemporary human nature." But in reality totalitarianism often reaches deep within each of us without realizing it.

In reality, this extremely unequal state of rogue totalitarianism continues to rely on the threat of violence and repression to maintain a kind of horrifyingly harmonious social stability, as much as it relies on the constant spraying of water to control the spread of fire. When rogue power gets more and more out of control, people collapse in a tangle of fear and anger, and the social impulse returns to the era of equal savagery, with savage violence to remove the persecution of rogue power. As Albert Einstein said, "A forced despotism soon corrupts and degenerates. For it is always men of low character who are attracted by violence, and it is a law of the ages, I believe, that tyrants of genius are always succeeded by scoundrels." This is the "Huang Yanpei Cyclical Law" of the Chinese dynastic cycle.

Japanese-American political scientist Fukuyama published "The End of History" in 1989, arguing that "the history of the development of human society is a universal history of mankind oriented toward liberal democracy. The rights-based society is the highest state of civilization attainable by human society at present. The rights society continues the equality and justice of the violent society, but it is only "de-violated" through contract and law, turning the primitive "violence" into a civilized, equal and inalienable "power", thus establishing a civilized society. It is only through contract and law that the primitive "violence" has been "de-violated", turning the primitive "violence" into a civilized, equal and inalienable "power", thus establishing a civilized and stable new social order. This power still comes from the most primitive barbaric violence, and it accepts only limited authorization or alienation and absolutely rejects any deprivation and monopoly. Through the spirit of contract and the rule of law, this decentralized, even and equal power eventually forms the "rights" of a higher civilization, where violence completely retreats behind rights, and the whole society is civilized and de-violated, and mankind obtains an unprecedented sense of security, because the abandonment of violence does not result in the loss of equality and security.

Juridically speaking, the state is a contract between "political men". As Hobbes put it, people could not bear the war of "man against man the wolf," so they put away their claws and agreed to cede some of their rights to create a sovereign state that could defend itself. The rights of the state are a collection of the rights of the people, and the state, as the vehicle of sovereignty, must have as its main goal the defense of the rights of those who cede their rights. As Albert Einstein said, "The state was created for man, and man does not live for the state; the state should be our servant; we should not be slaves to the state."