On the history and culture of Wa nationality

1. Is there a country in Wa history? Wa nationality is an ancient nationality living in the southwest frontier of China.

According to the statistics of 1990, the population of Wa nationality is 35. 1.9 million people, mainly distributed in Ximeng, Cangyuan, Menglian, Gengma, Lancang, Shuangjiang, Zhenkang, Yongde, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and Tengchong, Changning, Jingdong, Pu 'er and other counties in Yunnan Province.

Its main residential area is located between Lancang River and Nujiang River, the extension of the southern section of Nujiang River. The mountains here are continuous and there are few flat dams, so it was called "Awa Mountain" and "Hulu Country" in ancient times (a general study of the four generations of literature in Qing Dynasty).

Ximeng County and Cangyuan County are Wa autonomous counties, while Menglian, Shuangjiang and Gengma are autonomous counties composed of Wa and other ethnic groups. Wa language belongs to the Wadang branch of the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family, which can be roughly divided into three dialects: Wa, Lewa and Bolao.

Before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), some Wa areas used Wa scripts with Latin letters, but their letters were not perfect. 1957 designed a complete Wa alphabet scheme with Latin alphabet, which is now being popularized. Wa people claim to be related to various branches, including Wa, Wu, Le Wa, Ai Wa, Awo, La Wa, Wa Numu, Wa and Wa.

Although some of these appellations come from their own opinions, they are often accompanied by derogatory terms. After the founding of New China, according to the wishes of the majority of Wa people, with the approval of the State Council, they were collectively called Wa people. .

2. The legend of "Sigangli" in Wa ethnic history is widely circulated in Wa areas.

According to the Wa people in Ximeng area, "Sigang" is a cave, and "Li" means to come out, indicating that human beings came out of the cave very early. Legend has it that the Wa people first came out of caves.

The cave is located in the middle of Awa Mountain, about 60 miles west of Ximeng County, and is regarded as a "holy land". Cangyuan area explains that the "four ports" are "gourds", which means that human beings come out of the gourds.

Although there are different explanations in different places, they all regard Awa Mountain as the birthplace of human beings, and all reflect that they are the earliest residents of Awa Mountain. "Sigangli" is the memory of the Wa people's ancient cave life.

According to historical records, the ancestors of the Wa nationality were a branch of the "Baipu" ethnic group in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. Documents in the Han Dynasty named Lishe River and Yuanjiang River in Yunnan as "Pushui" because they flowed to areas where "ordinary people" lived.

During the Han and Jin Dynasties, ordinary people in Yunnan were mainly distributed in Lijiang River, Yuanjiang River basin and Lancang River basin to the west. In the Tang Dynasty, the common people in the west of Lancang River were divided into Wang and Puzi.

A branch called "Wang" refers to the ancestors of the Wa people today. According to the literature, they are "brave and agile" and are the main members of Nanzhao Army, acting as "pioneers" in the battle.

During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, most documents were called "Gula" or "Hala", while in the Qing Dynasty they were called "Gala" and "Hawa". According to the records of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Wa people lived in the mountains and villages, farming, but they didn't have to plow cattle, only women used hoes to hoe, and hunted for food except miscellaneous grains. Because the cultivated land is not solid, they migrate irregularly.

These records reflect that the Wa society in Ming and Qing Dynasties has changed from hunting and gathering to an economic stage dominated by unstable agricultural economy, that is, a commune form based on clan. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the social development of Wa people in various regions showed an unbalanced development state with the changes of historical development in various regions.

For a long time, the Wa people have waged unremitting struggles with reactionaries at home and abroad. For example, in 1796 (the first year of Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty), the Wa people, together with their surrounding brothers, held high the banner of righteousness for the first time in the Tusi area of MengMeng, and once occupied its jurisdiction.

The uprising lasted intermittently for more than ten years, which dealt a heavy blow to the Qing dynasty and the reactionary leaders of the Dai nationality. After the Revolution of 1911, the Wa people fought against the warlords in Yunnan and the Kuomintang reactionaries, and finally got rid of the feudal rule of the local reactionary chiefs after 1940.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, British imperialism began to invade the Awa Mountain area. The Wa people resolutely opposed the Sino-Myanmar demarcation clause signed by China and Britain, led by Yonghe tribe, and joined other tribes to severely punish the invaders and traitors who shot the Wa people, thus defeating the imperialist plot to make the Wa people leave the motherland.

1934, British imperialism threatened by force and lured by money into Banhong and Banzhi areas in an attempt to plunder the rich silver and aluminum mines in Awa Mountain. As a result, the "Ban Hong" incident that shocked both at home and abroad broke out.

The Wa people "would rather die than surrender", which shattered the enemy's plot and swore an oath with the ethnic armed groups of more than ten tribes in Banhong, which dealt a heavy blow to the enemy's arrogance. In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Wa people held high the anti-Japanese banner, organized guerrillas and smashed the Japanese attack.

3. The traditional culture of the Wa nationality (Composition 600) The Wa nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China. The current population is more than 350,000 people, mainly distributed in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas of Ximeng, Cangyuan, Lancang, Menglian, Shuangjiang, Gengma, Yongde and Zhenkang counties in southwest Yunnan Province, namely "Awa Mountain" between Lancang River and salween and the southern section of Nushan Mountain. Mixed with Han, Dai, Bulang, De 'ang, Lisu and Lahu nationalities.

In the history of Wa nationality, men wore black shorts and wide-mouth pants; Women wear hooded dresses and short skirts with stripes. Their decorations include collars, necklaces, bracelets, belts and anklets. Most of them are made of silverware or bamboo and rattan products, or painted with natural pigments or depending on natural colors, which are almost loved by men, women and children. With the development of society, the Wa people's clothing has also begun to change, with the appearance of long skirts, tube skirts and some costumes and decorations with a sense of the times. However, the areas where the Wa people live in compact communities still maintain the traditional national characteristics. Most of the clothes are made of self-produced cotton and linen, which are self-woven into cloth in its traditional way, and the patterns are like peacock, silver pheasant and other feathers.

Most Wa villages are built on hillsides or hilltops. Some villages in Ximeng area have a history of hundreds of years and have gathered into hundreds of villages. Wa people like to live in bamboo houses, and some live in adobe bungalows, which is a new form of living that changed later. This bamboo building can be divided into two floors, with people living on the upper floor and people living on the lower floor. The indoor furnishings are simple and bright, and it is essential to have fire pits for people to use and fire pits for offering sacrifices or heating sacrifices and livestock feed. Before the introduction of iron pots, Wa people used bamboo tubes to cook. When eating, housewives divide the dishes according to the number of people and divide them evenly at a time. I like chewing betel nut and drinking. There is a saying that "no wine is no gift, and words don't count." Shuijiu is fermented from little red rice, and most of it is put in a big bamboo tube with a thin bamboo tube inserted to suck it. Wa people also have the custom of drinking strong tea, and eating Chili is the common hobby of men, women and children.

Wa nationality is a monogamous family, most of the property is inherited by the youngest son, and the daughter has no inheritance right. When naming the Wa nationality, the inverse father-son naming system is adopted to trace back their ancestors. All the names of the earliest generation inferred by the Wa people are called "Sigang", which means gourd or cave, and it is a worship of maternal rights. Men and women can freely associate before marriage, which is called "string women". Young men and women get together in groups of 30-20 to sing love songs and express their commitment to betel nut and tobacco. But marriage must be decided by parents, and the man has to pay the dowry of several cows, which is called "nanny money" and "girl money" Sometimes when one parent disagrees, the two parties run away and the parents don't pursue it. In the past, Wa people used uncles and aunts to express their marriage, but now great changes have taken place.

Wa people practice thin burial, and the village also has the same cemetery. In some areas, the custom of burying the dead in or near bamboo houses still exists.

4. The national history of Wa nationality-Wa nationality (three students of Wa nationality), an ancient resident of Wa Mountain.

Wa nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China. The existing population is over 350,000. It is mainly distributed in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas of Cangyuan, Ximeng, Lancang, Menglian, Shuangjiang, Gengma, Yongde and Zhenkang counties in southwest Yunnan. Namely, the Awa Mountain between Lancang River and salween and the southern section of Nujiang Mountain. Mixed with Han, Dai, Brown, De 'ang, Lisu and Lahu nationalities.

After the Han Dynasty, there were "ordinary people" living in Yunnan. In the Tang Dynasty, "Pu people" and "Wang Ren" were distributed in JD.COM and Weishan in the east, Tengchong and Lianghe in the west, Zhenkang in the south and Yongping Town in the north. "Pu people" may be the collective name of the ancestors of all ethnic groups living in this area. "Look at people" may mainly be the ancestors of the Wa nationality. The names of Wang Man, Wangmao and loanwords in historical documents are basically the same as or very similar to the Wa nationality's self-proclaimed "Wa" at present.

Wa people call themselves Wa, Baraok, Bulok, Awa, Awa, Awalai and Lewa. He called it "La", "Me", "Awa" and "Wawa". Historical names such as "Hala", "Hawa" and "Kawa" mean "people who live in the mountains". According to the wishes of the nation, 1962 was named "tile".

Wa people have their own language and writing. Wa language belongs to the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family, which is divided into three dialects: Balaok, Awa and Wa. The old text was compiled by British missionaries to spread Christianity, which is relatively rough. After the founding of New China, the Party and the people's government created new Chinese characters.

The Wa people's economy is dominated by agriculture. I like eating Redmi, drinking strong tea, eating peppers, chewing betel nuts and drinking. Housing is dominated by two-story bamboo buildings. Traditional clothing is based on black. Men often wear black buns, black jackets and wide-leg pants. Women's wear varies from place to place. The most distinctive thing is to wear shawl-style collarless sleeveless dresses, skirts, hair bands, collars, necklaces, waist bands, bracelets and other jewelry made of silver or bamboo strips.

The Wa people mainly believe in primitive religions. A few people believe in Buddhism or Christianity. The New Rice Festival is the most solemn festival. Literature and art are rich and colorful, and bamboo culture is unique. Cangyuan rock paintings are well-known at home and abroad.

"Wood Drum Dance" is full of national characteristics and has won many awards in national dance competitions. The legend of "Sigangli" is widely circulated in this historical compilation in Wa areas. The Wa people in Ximeng explained that "Sigang" is a cave, and "Li" came out, indicating that human beings came out of the cave very early. Legend has it that the Wa people first came out of caves. The cave is located in the middle of Awa Mountain, about 60 miles west of Ximeng County. Up to now, Wa people in Ximeng and other places regard caves as "holy places". The Wa people in Cangyuan explained that "Sigang" is a gourd, and when "Li" comes out, it means that people come out of the gourd.

Although the Wa people in different areas have different interpretations of "Sigangli", they all regard Awa Mountain as the birthplace of mankind, and at the same time they all reflect that they are the earliest residents in Awa Mountain area. "Four Gangli" is the Wa people's memory of their ancient cave life. The Wa people in this section of the etiquette editor are generous and hospitable, putting wine first, and thinking that no wine is the gift. Wa people have various customs of entertaining guests and toasting. One is that the host of the toast takes a sip from himself first to dispel the various warnings of the guests, and then hands it to the guests in turn. Guests must drink the wine offered to them and try their best to dry it to show honesty, otherwise it will be regarded as disrespect for the host; Another form is that both the host and the guest are squatting on the ground, and the host hands the wine to the guest with his right hand. After the guest takes it with his right hand, he touches the ground slightly or bounces the wine on the ground with his right hand to show respect for his ancestors. Then the host and the guests drink together. Wa people have the habit of not toasting ignorant and unkind people. Whenever the son goes out and the guest leaves, the host will also send a "farewell gift". That is, toasting relatives or guests. At that time, the host will use a gourd (a container for holding wine) to hold wine, take a sip first, and then send it to distant guests or relatives. Guests need to drink all the gourds to show that their family and friendship will never forget.

5. Wa people have their own unique culture. Wa nationality is one of the indigenous peoples in Yunnan Province, China.

It has a long history of patriotism and splendid culture and art; There are rich and bizarre myths and legends. In the long history, due to the unique geographical environment, historical factors and social life, many cultural characteristics have been formed.

Traditional clothing is based on black. Men often wear black buns, black jackets and wide-leg pants.

Women's wear varies from place to place. The most distinctive thing is to wear shawl-style collarless sleeveless dresses, skirts, hair bands, collars, necklaces, waist bands, bracelets and other jewelry made of silver or bamboo strips. Wa belief: primitive religion is the main religion.

A few people believe in Buddhism or Christianity. The New Rice Festival is the most solemn festival.

Literature and art are rich and colorful, and bamboo culture is unique. Cangyuan rock paintings are well-known at home and abroad.

Wa folk dance: "Mu Drum Dance" and "Swing Dance" are both Wa folk dances, and "Mu Drum Dance" has won many awards in national dance competitions.

6. Excuse me: The historical origin of the Wa nationality is an ancient nationality living in the southwest frontier of China.

According to the statistics of 1990, the population of Wa nationality is 35 1900, mainly distributed in Ximeng, Cangyuan, Menglian, Gengma, Lancang, Shuangjiang, Zhenkang, Yongde, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and Tengchong, Changning, Jingdong and Pu 'er counties in Yunnan Province. Its main residential area is located between Lancang River and Nujiang River, the extension of the southern section of Nujiang River.

The mountains here are continuous and there are few flat dams, so it was called "Awa Mountain" and "Hulu Country" in ancient times (a general study of the four generations of literature in Qing Dynasty). Ximeng County and Cangyuan County are Wa autonomous counties, while Menglian, Shuangjiang and Gengma are autonomous counties composed of Wa and other ethnic groups.

Wa language belongs to the Wadang branch of the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family, which can be roughly divided into three dialects: Wa, Lewa and Bolao. Before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), some Wa areas used Wa scripts with Latin letters, but their letters were not perfect. 1957 designed a complete Wa alphabet scheme with Latin alphabet, which is now being popularized.

Wa people claim to be related to various branches, including Wa, Wu, Le Wa, Ai Wa, Awo, La Wa, Wa Numu, Wa and Wa. Although some of these appellations come from their own opinions, they are often accompanied by derogatory terms. After the founding of New China, according to the wishes of the majority of Wa people, with the approval of the State Council, they were collectively called Wa people.

The Wa branch can be divided into six or seven branches according to national self-declaration, historical legends, clan pedigree, clothing culture and other factors. They are Le Wa, Bu Rao, Wa, La, Wa Beng, Wa Gude, Benefactor and Song. Lewa: Living in Ximeng County and the hinterland of Awa Mountain; Mulao nationality: widely distributed, mainly living in Lancang, Shuangjiang, Gengma, Pu 'er and other counties. These people have retained the title of "Pu (Pu)" and may belong to the direct descendants of the ancient "Pu" people; Hey: live in Yongde and Zhenkang; Pulling people: the Wa people in Ban Lao, Ban Hong, Long Kwa and Man Xiang call themselves pulling or "learning to pull"; Wa Beng: Also known as "Avalle", they originally lived in western salween and moved to Ximeng Mountain more than 65,438+000 years ago. Their ancestors lived in the same branch with the De 'ang nationality in the period of "Mengmaohaofa" (Baoshan and Dali); Wagud: The Wa people in Wenggak call themselves "Wadye". When their ancestors lived in Myanmar and Thailand, they belonged to the same branch as the Sangdao people. Benefactors and Song people: They also call themselves "Gunn" and "Gong Song". It is said that when they were in JD.COM, they were a branch of Burao (Wei and Tian) in Mangdui, Lancang. Later defeated by the Shan people, they fled in different ways. Their two ancestors, Daen and Dasong, both stayed in the mountainous area of JD.COM, so they still call themselves benefactors and poets.

The mountains in Awa Mountain gradually slow down from north to south. The main mountain ranges in the territory are Zhaofangshan, Hanhuishan, Sipai Mountain, Wokan Mountain and Mangshan Mountain. These mountains form the watershed between Lancang River and salween. Here valleys crisscross, forming dozens of rivers, among which the larger rivers flowing into the Lancang River are: Mengdong River, Ramon River, Xiaohe River, Heihe River, Nanlan River and Nanlei River; Rivers flowing into salween are: Nanting River, Mangku River, Nangun River, Nanma River, Cushing River, Nankang River, Nanxi River and Nanka River.

Awa Mountain belongs to the subtropical zone, with complex terrain and great altitude difference, with the highest altitude of more than 2,900 meters and the lowest altitude of about 700 meters, so the vertical change of climate is obvious. The highest temperature reaches 40℃, the lowest temperature reaches 0℃, and the annual rainfall is 1, 500-3,000 mm, of which 80-95% of the rainfall drops to 65,438+in late May. There are 49 soil types such as latosol, lateritic red soil, red soil, yellow soil, yellow brown soil, brown soil, subalpine shrub meadow soil, purple soil and paddy soil, 12 subcategories, 28 soil genera and 44 soil species.

The Wa people's living area is rich in animal and plant resources, including wild Asian elephants, Bengal tigers, leopards, gibbons, langurs, eagles, antelopes, pythons, cobras, monitor lizards, peacocks, hornbills, cockatoos, silver pheasants and sunbirds. There are more than 70 families, 150 genera and more than 300 species of plant resources.

Among them, there are more than 20 species of plants under state key protection, including starch plants 15 species, more than 20 species of oil plants, 7 species of resin plants, 237 species of indica and japonica rice, hundreds of maize and 0/4 species of wheat/KLOC. Cash crops include sugarcane, peanuts, rape, ginger, pepper, cotton, tobacco and various vegetables, and cash trees include tea and purple skin. There are hundreds of herbs and spices, such as pepper, Amomum villosum and Amomum tsaoko.

The underground mineral deposits in Awa Mountain area are also extremely rich. The silver mine here was mined in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and the famous Maolong silver mine was jointly mined by a group of Han Chinese brought from the mainland by Shiping Han Chinese Wu Shangxian and the local Wa people. At that time, it not only promoted the economic development of the country and ethnic areas, but also strengthened the friendly exchanges between the Wa people and the people of all ethnic groups in the mainland.

7. Brief introduction to the cultural characteristics of the Wa nationality. The Wa nationality is an ancient resident of Wa Mountain and one of the ethnic minorities in China.

The existing population is over 350,000. It is mainly distributed in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas of Cangyuan, Ximeng, Lancang, Menglian, Shuangjiang, Gengma, Yongde and Zhenkang counties in southwest Yunnan.

Namely, the Awa Mountain between Lancang River and salween and the southern section of Nujiang Mountain. Mixed with Han, Dai, Brown, De 'ang, Bo and Lahu nationalities.

After the Han Dynasty, there were "ordinary people" living in Yunnan. In the Tang Dynasty, "Pu people" and "Wang Ren" were distributed in JD.COM and Weishan in the east, Tengchong and Lianghe in the west, Zhenkang in the south and Yongping Town in the north.

"Pu people" may be the collective name of the ancestors of all ethnic groups living in this area. "Look at people" may mainly be the ancestors of the Wa nationality.

The names of Wang Man, Wangmao and loanwords in historical documents are basically the same as or very similar to the Wa nationality's self-proclaimed "Wa" at present. Wa people call themselves Wa, Baraok, Bulok, Awa, Awa, Awalai and Lewa.

He called it "La", "Me", "Awa" and "Wawa". Historical names such as "Hala", "Hawa" and "Kawa" mean "people who live in the mountains".

According to the wishes of the nation, 1962 was named "tile". Wa people have their own language and writing.

Wa language belongs to the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family, which is divided into three dialects: Balaok, Awa and Wa. The old text was compiled by British missionaries to spread Christianity, which is relatively rough.

After the founding of New China, the Party and the people's government created new Chinese characters. The Wa people's economy is dominated by agriculture.

I like eating Redmi, drinking strong tea, eating peppers, chewing betel nuts and drinking. Housing is dominated by two-story bamboo buildings.

Traditional clothing is based on black. Men often wear black buns, black jackets and wide-leg pants.

Women's wear varies from place to place. The most distinctive thing is to wear shawl-style collarless sleeveless dresses, skirts, hair bands, collars, necklaces, waist bands, bracelets and other jewelry made of silver or bamboo strips. The Wa people mainly believe in primitive religions.

A few people believe in Buddhism or Christianity. The New Rice Festival is the most solemn festival.

Literature and art are rich and colorful, and bamboo culture is unique. Cangyuan rock paintings are well-known at home and abroad.

"Wood Drum Dance" is full of national characteristics and has won many awards in national dance competitions. Historically, the legend of "Four Gangli" was widely circulated in Wa areas.

The Wa people in Ximeng explained that "Sigang" is a cave, and "Li" came out, indicating that human beings came out of the cave very early. Legend has it that the Wa people first came out of caves.

The cave is located in the middle of Awa Mountain, about 60 miles west of Ximeng County. Up to now, Wa people in Ximeng and other places regard caves as "holy places".

The Wa people in Cangyuan explained that "Sigang" is a gourd, and when "Li" comes out, it means that people come out of the gourd. Although the Wa people in different areas have different interpretations of "Sigangli", they all regard Awa Mountain as the birthplace of mankind, and at the same time they all reflect that they are the earliest residents in Awa Mountain area.

"Four Gangli" is the Wa people's memory of their ancient cave life. Etiquette Wa people are generous and hospitable, welcoming guests with wine first, thinking that there is no wine as a gift.

Wa people have various customs of entertaining guests and toasting. One is that the host of the toast takes a sip from himself first to dispel the various warnings of the guests, and then hands it to the guests in turn.

Guests must drink the wine offered to them and try their best to dry it to show honesty, otherwise it will be regarded as disrespect for the host; Another form is that both the host and the guest are squatting on the ground, and the host hands the wine to the guest with his right hand. After the guest takes it with his right hand, he touches the ground slightly or bounces the wine on the ground with his right hand to show respect for his ancestors. Then the host and the guests drink together.

Wa people have the habit of not toasting ignorant and unkind people. Whenever the son goes out and the guest leaves, the host will also send a "farewell gift".

That is, to propose a toast to relatives or guests. At that time, the host will use a gourd (a container for holding wine) to hold wine, take a sip first, and then send it to distant guests or relatives. Guests need to drink all the gourds to show that their family and friendship will never forget. The baby room in the building is simply furnished, with no tables and chairs, bamboo mats and wooden boards as beds and no bedding. They only use quilts or linen sheets as quilts, pillows and clothes to sleep.

Wa people's housing varies from region to region. The areas greatly influenced by the Han nationality are generally straw houses with four walls touching the ground, as well as straw houses with earth walls and individual tile houses.

However, the structure and shape of houses in most Wa areas are similar to those of Dai people, and the building materials are all bamboo (bamboo rattan, bamboo pole, bamboo chips, bamboo strips, etc. ) and grass (thatch, rafters, sandalwood, boards, etc. ). Branches are reserved at the top of the wooden column to support the beam, some thin bamboos are supported on the beam, and then thatched to build an overhead "bamboo building".

The house is divided into two floors, with people living upstairs and livestock activities downstairs. Some blacksmiths also have bellows and a set of tools for ironing downstairs. The Wa people live on rice.

Wa people in Ximeng area like to cook vegetables, salt and rice into thick and rotten rice. Wa people in other areas eat more rice.

Eat three meals in busy farming season and two meals at ordinary times. Chicken porridge, such as camellia porridge, is the top grade in home cooking.

Now I often eat upland rice, and all men, women and children eat Chili. There is a saying among the people that "Chili is not short of food". The meat of Wa people mainly comes from family feeding, including pigs, cows and chickens.

In addition, there are habits of preying on mice and insects. Wa people in some areas also have the habit of preying on insects, and even eat more than ten kinds of pupae, red caterpillars parasitic on herbs, broom insects, wax gourd insects parasitic on wax gourd trees, etc.

Generally eat insects and rice to cook porridge, add vegetables, salt and pepper, spicy and delicious. Beekeeping by Wa people is very common, but the method of beekeeping is very special. First, use a hollow log, seal both ends, leave a few small holes for wild bees to go in and out, and put them in the forest or under the eaves to breed and make honey. They are cut two or three times a year and eaten with pupae.

Wa people generally like drinking and drinking bitter tea. All the drinks are brewed by ourselves.

Drinking sparkling wine often is not only harmless to the body, but also beneficial to health. In recent decades, Wa people began to drink shochu.

Wa people prefer bitter tea. Some bitter Chata thick, almost became tea cream.

Bitter tea is bitter, but it feels cool after drinking. For the Wa people in the hot climate area, it has a magical thirst quenching effect.

Chewing betel nut is the common hobby of Wa men, women and children.