What are the early forms of ancient journalism?

Analysis of the development of news communication in ancient China and the West news business is the product of the development of human society to a certain stage of history, he is the same as all kinds of cultural phenomena in human society, there is a process of development, and this development is always closely related to the material production of human beings, and the process of economic and political development of human beings are adapted to each other. In the ancient society before the introduction of journalism, there was a low level of material production, socio-economic and political underdevelopment, human beings only primary news dissemination activities. This is a kind of general interpersonal communication, there is no specialized communication institutions, small and scattered communication activities. Among the various stages of development in ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary times, I focus on ancient times. The thesis is: analysis of the development of news communication in ancient times in China and the West. In the paper, I will analyze and discuss the following aspects of the thesis: the development history of news dissemination in ancient China and the West; what are the similarities and differences between news dissemination in ancient China and the West in the development history; what position does the development of news dissemination in ancient China and the West occupy in the development history, and what impact does it have on the whole journalism business? Ancient journalism has a long history and has been around since the dawn of mankind. According to the evolution of the form, ancient news dissemination activities have roughly gone through several stages of development, such as primitive dissemination, oral dissemination, handwritten dissemination, printing dissemination, of which printing dissemination is the most mature dissemination channel at this stage. Primitive news dissemination. When human beings were separated from the animal kingdom tens of thousands of years ago, they lived in groups. In this state of living in groups, out of some kind of survival needs, there are all kinds of simple information exchange between each other. This is a very primitive information dissemination under the state of ignorance, which is the information dissemination in the pre-linguistic period. The way of communication has not been completely separated from the general level of animals, mainly relying on the body organs to send out some kind of call, make some kind of gestures and gestures, in order to convey a very simple ideology. The content of the dissemination of often repeated information, but also some new occurrence of new information, such as where the discovery of prey objects, where the appearance of vicious beasts, where the occurrence of thunder and lightning storms and so on. The dissemination of this fresh information is the earliest period of human news dissemination activities. In this stage of development of primitive news dissemination, both China and the West started from the same starting point, so the development situation is very similar and there is not much difference. Spoken news dissemination. Source: ( /s/blog_4e2ffee50100euza.html) - An analysis of the development of news dissemination in ancient times in the West and the East_Zhu Xi_Sina Blog In the process of continuous development of the society, the human brain was gradually developed, the organs of articulation were gradually perfected, and the ability to think was gradually developed, and human beings produced a syllabic language about hundreds of thousands of years ago. For example, in China, about 700,000-230,000 years ago, "Beijing Man", already have a clear language; about 18,000 years ago, "Shanding Cave Man" already use language to communicate. The main line of oral communication and information dissemination of the Chinese nation has a history of tens of thousands of years. Along with the emergence of language syllables, oral language communication has gradually become the main form of human communication. It has become the basic link between members of the society. In China, the main purpose of oral communication in the early period was to "communicate with the upper and lower levels". For example, Sima Qian recorded a legend in the Records of the Grand Historian (史记-五帝本纪). The emperor said to a person named "dragon": "I am afraid of slander and wasteful falsehoods, vibrating my people. I am afraid of slander and falsehood, and I am alarmed by them. I will order you to be the Nayan, and you will be in and out of my order at all times, but I believe in you." According to Kong Anguo, a Western Han Dynasty scribe, "Nayan is an official of the throat. Listen to the next words on the top, by the top of the words declared in the next, will also believe." "Nayan" was mainly official, and hardly circulated among the people, so the "Nayan" type of oral communication was among a small number of people. In the West, the strongest oral transmission of news often occurs during wars or other major accidents. For example, in March 490 B.C., the Persian Empire sent a large force to invade the city-state of Sina and landed on the Marathon Plain northeast of Athens. The people of Sina rose up against the attack and drove out the enemy with weakness against strength, achieving a brilliant victory. Soldier Pheidippides ran as fast as he could from the battlefield of Marathon back to Athens, more than 40 kilometers away, where he wanted the crowd gathered in the central square to shout excitedly, "We are victorious, Athens is saved." After shouting, he fell to the ground and died. This is arguably the most famous oral news dissemination in Western antiquity. While the spoken word has become the main form of communication, members of the human race have also retained various forms of non-verbal symbolic communication, and a variety of modes of communication have coexisted. In China, for example, poetry, ballads, village gossip, and street talk were used as the medium of language; beacons, flags, gongs, drums, and charms were used as the medium of physical communication. Of course, interpersonal communication occupied an important role in ancient China, such as lobbying and lecturing, and passing on intelligence. And in the West, and catch certain objects or symbols to convey information mark communication; with the help of sound and light signals to convey information sound and light communication; with simple symbols or drawings to express the meaning of the transmission of information graphic communication. This kind of play on the verbal language outside the dissemination of all have their own other ways of dissemination, these ways of dissemination also have the same or similar parts, most parts are different, which is the difference. Handwritten news communication. The earliest writing arose during the period of slave societies, around the third or fourth millennium B.C. Early hieroglyphics appeared in China, Egypt, India, and the Two Rivers Valley of Western Asia, respectively. The appearance of writing marked the emergence of a new form of communication - written communication. In the early ancient handwritten news dissemination activities, both in China and in the West, handwritten communication between the official government within always occupy the main position. As in the case of Chinese handwritten newspapers, it is attested that it was not until the Tang Dynasty that there is confirmed evidence of the emergence of a medium dedicated to the dissemination of news, which is nowadays referred to as the ancient Chinese newspaper. These newspapers were issued by the court, and the official documents of the court and the related information to the local authorities (the festival ministers, the observation ministers) were the "Zunzhengyuan zhu". Ancient Chinese newspapers were also known as "di bao" (邸报), the nature of which was that of an ancient Chinese official newspaper, coming from the government and having an official color. Although it was not an administratively effective document, it existed to satisfy the need for people (mainly officials) to know what was going on in the imperial court. In the West, the original handwritten news was also official. Of course, not all handwritten news has official color, there are still many popular in the folk, but most of the time will be expressly prohibited by the government. Handwritten news dissemination in human history has continued for thousands of years, today he is still an important part of human news activities. It can be said that before the full popularization of computers, handwritten communication will remain an important means of transmitting news between people. Printing news dissemination. Printing first appeared in China, as early as the Sui and Tang dynasties, China has had a plate printing. In the late Middle Ages, Chinese printing technology gradually spread to Central Asia and Europe. When newspapers were first printed in China is still an open question. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, most of them were hand-copied, but it does not guarantee that there were no printed copies. Later, because the cost of handwritten copies was too high, the distribution speed was too slow, and the small amount of newspapers could not satisfy the news needs of more people, it was gradually changed to printed copies, so that more copies could be issued in the same time to better satisfy the people's desire for more news at that time. In the West, Gutenberg, an artisan from Mainz, Germany, developed the technology of movable type printing, which was suited to the characteristics of the Western language. With the passage of time, this technology was gradually popularized and applied, and by the end of the 15th century, some booklets of historical nature were already available through the printing press. Ancient Chinese and Western news dissemination roughly went through the above several important stages in China, so what kind of impact did ancient Chinese and Western news dissemination have on journalism? Although the forms of news dissemination activities in ancient China and the West were constantly evolving, but generally speaking the scale is relatively small, usually for a particular object or some specific objects, rather than for the general public, there has been no collection and dissemination of news for the purpose of the professional organizations and teams, and therefore not yet become a journalism business. But the ancient Chinese and Western news dissemination in journalism still occupies a certain position,. It is he promoted the development of journalism, it has a positive role in promoting journalism. I believe that with the continuous development of society, China's journalism will break through all kinds of limitations, ushering in a new opportunity to follow the footsteps of the times, and continue to progress!