Briefly describe the grades of ancient buildings in China.

One hall style, large style and small style.

Temple style: the style of the palace is the highest level of architecture. Usually the residence of the emperor and queen. The Daxiong Hall in Buddhism and the Sanqing Hall in Taoism also belong to temple-style buildings. Features: magnificent, ceramic tile decoration, architectural color and painting have special significance. Such as yellow glazed tiles, double eaves, red painted doors, painted dragons and phoenixes, etc. It is the place where emperors live.

Style: the mansion of officials and wealthy businessmen at all levels. Features: glazed tiles are not needed, and there are strict regulations on the color decoration of the bucket arch.

Small apartment: the housing specifications of ordinary people. Colors can only be black, white and gray.

Erwuding

According to the order of style and grade, from high to low, it is: temple style, rest mountain style, acupoint style, hanging mountain style, hard mountain style, climbing top style and rolling shed style. There are also double eaves and single eaves, and the grade of double eaves is higher than that of single eaves. Generally speaking, from high to low, the ranks of roofs are: double-eaved roof, double-eaved sloping roof, double-eaved pyramid roof, single-eaved sloping roof, single-eaved sloping roof, suspended roof, hard roof, quadrangular pyramid roof, double-eaved sloping roof and rolled roof.

Three-roof ornament

Namely, the ridged beast and the horned beast. Horned beasts are all composed of odd-numbered columns, generally arranged in the sequence of 1.3.5.7.9 (i.e. yang number), with the highest number of 10. Its order is dragon, phoenix, lion, Tianma, hippocampus, eldest sister-in-law, gambling on fish, eldest sister-in-law, bullfighting, what to do. There is a fairy riding a bird in front. In addition to their own decorative significance, they also have certain practical uses. The specific introduction has been introduced in detail in the History and Culture of Wonderful Speech, so I won't go into details here. The higher the status of a building, the more horns it has. Take the Forbidden City as an example. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is a place for ceremonies and a symbol of imperial power, with 10 animals. Gan Qing Palace is the emperor's administrative organization, and the place where he lives is second only to the Hall of Supreme Harmony, with nine god beasts. The Palace of Kunning is the queen's bedroom. In the Qing Dynasty, there were seven sacred beasts, and the six palaces in the east and west were the residences of concubines. There were five sacred beasts, and the least was the sub-corner gate, with only 1 sacred beast.

Sitaiji

The general principle is that the number of sets is greater than that of sets, the white marble abutment is higher than other materials, and the fenced one is greater than that without fence.

Highest abutment: Several layers of Mount Sumi with jade fences are stacked together, which is the tallest building of the palace and some temples.

High-level abutment: commonly known as Sumitomo, with white marble railings on it. An annex to the palace building.

General abutment: the wall of the abutment is straight, which is mostly used for large and small buildings. According to < >: below the duke, above the third class, the quasi-height is two feet; If you are below level 4, you must be one foot taller. The pedestal of a typical royal building can be as high as 5 feet. In addition to showing grades, the most common function of abutment is to protect ancient wooden buildings.

Wu boulevard

Pedal is an auxiliary building facility for people to step on at the entrance and exit of a building. Among them, stepping is the most common, also known as stamping or step. It can be divided into three levels. General step (ruyi step): it is composed of several stones of different sizes, from big to small and from bottom to top. Three sides are available for people to go up and down. Secondary exits for secondary houses and major buildings. Advanced steps (vertical steps): made of equal-length stone strips, with one stone strip vertically laid on the left and right. Used in advanced buildings. Advanced steps: add stone railings on both sides of vertical steps. Used in high-rise buildings. Ramps, also known as ramps or royal roads, have gentle slopes and can be used for driving. It is divided into two forms: one is to spread smooth or printed square bricks, and the other is to build with exposed bricks on the ramp. After the 7th century, some large buildings, especially those in front of palaces, temples and halls, were juxtaposed or separated by three steps. Exquisite imperial roads were later carved with dragons and phoenixes and decorated with water waves to show the emperor's dignity, and the two sides were naturally the steps for ministers to advance and retreat. After a long period of development, the ramp has become a kind of decoration.

Six-sided wide bay

A room is a space surrounded by four pillars. Width refers to the number of spaces in the horizontal direction. The vertical one is called depth. Rooms are named after odd numbers, equal or decreasing in size. The more rooms, the higher the grade. The ninth five-year plan was dedicated to the emperor. That is, the main hall of the emperor has nine bays and five depths. There are eleven halls of supreme harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing and eleven ancestral halls in the Qing Dynasty, showing the "imperial power". According to the regulations of the Ming Dynasty, there are three gates in Gonghou Mansion, namely, gold painted iron rings with animal faces, seven front halls, seven middle halls, seven back halls and seven halls. The gates are made of black painted iron rings (the palace is a red painted gate). From the sixth grade to the ninth grade, there are three halls and one main room, with black doors and iron rings. Ladies and gentlemen, there can be no more than three rooms in the first room.

Qidou Palace

Bucket arch is a unique structural component of ancient buildings in China. It consists of a square bucket, a rectangular arch and an inclined arch. The function is to support the eaves without roofs, reduce the span of indoor girders, and reduce the load of the roof on columns in a large area through them. The scoring rules are that those with bucket arches are greater than those without bucket arches, those with more bucket arches are greater than those without bucket arches, and those with more levels are greater than those with fewer levels.

Eight-color painting

Architectural color painting is an important part of architectural art in China. It originated very early, and there were records of painting on wooden buildings as early as the Spring and Autumn Period. At the same time of decoration, it is also one of the measures to protect wood. The origin and development of color painting will be discussed in another space. ) In the Song and Ming Dynasties, the development of color painting was relatively complete, and the level of color painting was also obvious.

Song Dynasty: The color painting in Song Dynasty mostly adopts the method of overlapping halo, which makes the color change from shallow to deep, or from deep to shallow gradually, and the change is soft without stiff feeling, with less money, showing an elegant style, and there are six methods to promote color painting, which shows the "architectural style" in Song Dynasty. Briefly described as: colorful clothes, used in the main buildings of palaces and temples; Grinding jade clothes and green overlapping halo edges are used in residential gardens and palace secondary buildings; Put green clothes, put green decorative clothes, and pink decoration for second-hand houses.

Ming and Qing Dynasties: We are familiar with the main classification of colored paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. That is, his Xi color paintings, rotary color paintings and Soviet color paintings. Among them, the colored paintings with printing are the most upscale and used in the main hall of the palace. Spindle color painting is generally used in official offices, main halls of temples and palaces, and secondary halls of temples. Su-style color paintings are mostly used in nine-color ancient buildings in the government gardens, and there are also strict rules for their use. Generally, they are arranged in yellow (gold), red (red), blue (sometimes considered black), blue, black and gray. "Book of Rites" stipulates: "Ying, the son of heaven, the vassal (black) doctor is pale, and the scholar (yellow). According to the five elements theory, red symbolizes happiness and wealth, and the walls, eaves, doors, windows and columns of the Forbidden City are all red. Therefore, in literary works, "Dan Miao", "Suzaku", "Dan Miao" and "Zhu Miao" are often used to describe them. Since the Sui Dynasty, yellow has been reflected in the hierarchy, and its status far exceeds that of red, which is the special color of the emperor. In the five elements, yellow is the center position. Due to the rising status of yellow, red can also be used in the prince's residence. But the doorposts of ordinary people are still black.

Door nail

There are golden doornails on the Zhumen door. These rows of doornails not only have the function of structure, but also are decorations, reflecting the feudal hierarchy in China. The origin of the doornail is very long, and it has been used on the gate since the Sui and Tang Dynasties and lasted for thousands of years. In ancient China, in order to resist foreign invasion, the city gate was made very thick. Due to the need of its own structure, in order to prevent the door panel from loosening, nails are nailed on the board and the belt-piercing part. However, the nail cap is exposed, which hinders the appearance, so the ancients made the nail cap into a bubble head shape to make the door nail decorative.

Before the Ming Dynasty, there was no explicit stipulation on the number of doornails, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that the number of doornails was linked to the hierarchy. "Qinghui Hall" records: "The doors of the palace are all worshipped, covered with yellow glass, and the doors are inlaid with gold nails." The altar and the temple are round. There are four doors outside and four doors inside, all of which are made of Zhu Fei and gold nails. There are nine doornails on the doors of nine palaces, with nine rows of doors, one row of nine, one * * * 9981.

The number of doornails used by governors, county kings, princes and other governments has clear regulations: prince Mi, five gates, doornails vertical, nine horizontal and seven generations, and five gates. Between the doornails, there are seven doornails, including princes, county kings, Baylor, Beizi, Zhenguogong, Fuguo Gong and Shizifu. From Hou to Gong, the number of doornails is reduced to five or five, all of which are made of iron.