Heng Ma Shuo Zi-Horse of the Zodiac

The horse is an animal that is not very common in our life. It used to be an important means of transportation for us.

Ma (m ǐ) is a herbivore. Tamed by humans 4 years ago. In ancient times, horses were the main driving force of agricultural production, transportation and military activities. There are about 2 kinds of horses in the world. With the development of productivity, the improvement of science and technology, and the invention and wide application of power machinery, the role of horses in real life is becoming less and less. Horses are mainly used for equestrian sports and the production of milk meat, and the feeding quantity is greatly reduced. However, in some developing countries and regions, horses are still mainly used for service and are an important source of service power.

1. When you suddenly approach a horse, don't think that it has clearly seen who you are.

The horse's eyes are located on both sides of the head, and the panoramic view can reach 33 ~ 36 degrees, only after the rump is beyond its field of vision. Therefore, the horse can feel something approaching it. However, the horse's eyeball is oblate and oval. Due to the poor length of the eye axis, it is difficult to form a focus on the retina, and only a blurred image can be formed when looking at the object. The horse knows its owner, but when it suddenly approaches the horse, it can't tell who you are. Therefore, it is necessary to greet the horse by voice, and don't think that it has seen it clearly.

2. Horses are easily frightened because of their poor vision.

Horses' visual perception of static objects is not as good as that of dynamic objects. Horses often fail to find static animals around them, such as snakes and rabbits. When these small animals suddenly appear, they often cause horses a sense of fright, especially male horses. Sometimes, they have sudden stress behaviors, such as hiding and shocking crowds, which sometimes cause injuries to people. Because of poor vision, horses sometimes have a strong sense of terror, which leads to herd horses, fry horses, scare horses and get out of control. When the horse moves in a different place, in complex terrain and at night, it should be constantly stabilized by sound.

3. Poor vision also makes the horse's sense of distance weak

Horse eyes are located on both sides of the head, and the overlapping part of the visual field in the center is very narrow, only about 3 degrees, which is less than one third of that of carnivores. Therefore, what the horse sees is mainly a plane image, which lacks three-dimensional sense and has weak ability to judge distance. Fear of obstacles often occurs in jumping trenches or crossing obstacles, and fear of jumping occurs. Therefore, it takes a long time to cross obstacles and train, and it needs to be repeated and strengthened frequently. It is best for the rider to give appropriate other assistance when crossing obstacles to help him judge the distance. An excellent obstacle horse, besides its own quality, is also very important for the rider to give timely and accurate instructions. When a horse retreats, it has no ability to judge the distance, so it should be especially alert to the hind legs when serving and controlling the horse.

4. Although horses have poor vision, their night vision is better than that of human beings.

There is a photographic film on the outer layer of the retina of the horse's fundus (people don't have a photographic film), which can return the excess light passing through the retina to the retinal receptor, so the perception of the optic nerve can be more than twice that of the original light. In the case of weak light, the clarity of the object is obviously improved due to the reflection of the photographic film. Therefore, horses can clearly distinguish animals that come out at night from those that come out at night. When riding a horse at night, the horse often "rings its nose", which means that it first finds the animals or foreign objects that swim at night, and uses "ringing its nose" as a warning.

5. The color and intensity of light can be felt by horses.

Strong light is a kind of adversity stimulus to horses, which often causes horses' anxiety. Therefore, there should be no strong light during transportation. Horses react strongly to the stimulation of red light, so attention should be paid to red objects in training and service to prevent horses from being frightened; Horses have a certain bad feeling about coat color, and people with similar coat colors often gather together. Horses also have conditioned responses to common colors, such as the presence of veterinarians or sperm collectors in white.

in a word, the horse's visual perception is not very developed, far less than its sense of smell and hearing. In the process of approaching and training the horse, we should pay attention to inform the horse by voice, and we should not approach the hindquarters rashly to prevent danger, especially when crouching down to work, the horse often fails to recognize the image of a person and causes kicking and biting accidents.

Before humans domesticated horses, horses were used as a source of food. The first modern horse appeared in Babylon more than 3 years ago. Archaeologists have also found the image of horses in cave murals of ancient humans 15 thousand years ago.

After the great geographical discovery, conquerors from Spain brought horses to North America; When Cortez conquered Mexico in 1519, he took six horses with him. When de Soto landed in Florida in 1539, he took more than 2 horses with him. When coronado explored the southwestern United States, he accompanied more than 1, horses. At that time, American Indians were very afraid of horses, but they soon found the use of horses and began to take them away from the colonists and domesticate them.

But it is undeniable that horses play an irreplaceable role in the process of human society.

After training, animal horses become one of the best assistants and loyal friends of human beings. In the Qing dynasty, horses were very useful. Ethnic minorities (Mongolians) also rely mainly on horses for travel.

Famous Xiangma

1. Bole, surnamed Sun Mingyang, was born in Chengwu, Shandong Province in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was good at Xiangma.

2. Jiufanggao was born in the Spring and Autumn Period.

another name for a horse

a young horse: a male horse

a female horse.

foal: pony.

beard: a horse that loses its fertility after being castrated.

calligraphy and painting "horse"

锛: yellow horse.

Huan: a red horse with a black mane and a black tail.

tapir: a horse with light black and white.

Hua: a horse with a purplish red color.

Li: a black horse.

? Darkmouth's yellow horse.

qi: a blue-black horse.

raccoon: a horse with black hooves.

qi: blue and white, similar to a blue horse.

dragon: a pure white horse.

Φ: A horse that can't run fast is a bad horse.

Xiao: a strong horse.

Hu: a black horse with a white face and forehead.

Li: a red horse.

stamp horse photo collection (15 photos)

steed: a good horse that walks fast.

Ji: an old horse.

the horse in literary works

Fang Bing Cao Huma

(Tang) Du Fu

Huma is famous for its great variety, and its front edge is thin and bony.

bamboo shoots have stiff ears and light hooves.

there's no emptiness in what you want, which is really worthy of death and life.

With Xiao Teng, Wan Li can run wild

Ma Shi

(Tang) Li He

The desert is as sand as snow, and

Yanshan moon is like a hook.

why should you be a golden brain?

Go for a clear autumn.

the words of horse

A swift horse with a saddle and a pony crossing the river is far away. It is known that the horse is sloppy and shoots the horse first to success. The horse of Saiweng is a runaway horse. The iron horse Jin Ge is unconstrained and unconstrained, and the horse is a horse. The horse is a horse, and the horse is a horse. The horse is a horse, and the horse is a horse. A deer is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a dog, a horse is a horse, a horse is a dog, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, an old horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, a knife is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, a horse is a horse, and a horse is a horse. -a horse can't camel two people, implying that people can't be half-hearted. [6]

People make mistakes, but horses stumble. People, like horses, may fall down carelessly, which shows that people will inevitably make mistakes.

a man depends on his clothes and a horse on his saddle. That is to say, clothes are as important to people as saddles are to horses.

at first glance, the pony thinks the road is narrow. -warn young people not to "complain too much to prevent heartbroken" but to do things in a down-to-earth manner.

a thousand miles of mules and horses make a cow. -cows can only be used in one place if they are not acclimatized

they don't know the hardships of getting off the horse immediately, and they don't know whether they are hungry or not. -Metaphorically, a person in a good situation cannot understand the difficulties of others.

people are afraid of reason, horses are afraid of whips and mosquitoes are afraid of fire and smoke.

a horse with a long horn gets off the colt-a strange thing. Horse, horse, cannon-hard general.

a good horse is whipped-bear the burden of humiliation. A fine horse carries a silver saddle-two match.

riding without a whip-flattery. Horse thieves hang beads-prude.

horse racing on the boat-there is no way out.

set fire to the paper horse shop-it will die sooner or later. Willing to buy a horse rather than buy a saddle-a big thing is not a small thing.

a short man rides a big horse-it's difficult to get up and down. Horse racing on the ice is untenable.

horse racing on the raft-lame. Running horses in the clouds for a long time-giving away the cloven foot.

if you don't stop at the cliff, you will die. Holding a horse with a pocket-you will not enjoy

horse power from a distance, but you will see people's hearts for a long time. -You can't know the strength of a horse until it's a long way, and you can see the quality of a person's heart after a long time.

I want the horse to run, and I want the horse not to eat grass. -it means blindly expecting things to move to an ideal state without providing the basis for their actions

All lay load on the willing horse. (People are good at being bullied, but Ma is good at being ridden. )

a man may lead a horse to the water, but he can't make him drink. (It's easy to lead a horse to the river, but it's hard to make it drink. A man is not a horse because he was born in a stable. )

you can't take ten steps in one leap, but you can't help it.

Horses in works of art

Famous painters of horses:

Paper-cut of Horses (13 pieces) Tang Dynasty: Han Gan, Wei Yan

Qing Dynasty: Lang Shining

2. Masterpieces of sculpture:

(1) Six Horses in Zhaoling

(2) Horses are one of the favorite carving themes of Chinese sculptors in past dynasties <

A famous horse in history

1. Red Rabbit Horse was the mount of Lu Bu in the Three Kingdoms period. According to Cao Zang Biography, when people said, "Lu Bu is among people, and a red rabbit is among horses", in the romance, Lu Bu betrayed and killed his adoptive father Ding Yuan just for the sake of Red Rabbit Horse. At the same time, in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, dozens of Lu Bu rode through more than 1, elite soldiers in Zhang Yan, and Red Rabbit also made great contributions.

Red Rabbit Horse

2. Luma is Liu Bei's mount. Once Liu Bei was killed, Luma, who was riding, escaped and fell into Tanxi in a critical moment. Liu Bei said anxiously to Luma, "Dear Lu, you must help today!" So, Lu jumped three zhangs and took Liu Bei out of danger.

Luma

3. Six Horses in Zhaoling were the six horses of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin who fought in the south and the north to unify the whole country. They are: Tele Si, Qingsui, Shivachi, Salouzi, Quanmao and Baihoof Wu. To commemorate them, Li Shimin carved their images on the stone screen of his mausoleum.

According to legend, the figures of the Six Horses were written by Yan Liben, a famous painter in the Tang Dynasty. The craftsmen carved these images vividly and even deified them in people's minds. According to legend, during the Anshi Rebellion, in the battle of Tongguan, sand and stones suddenly flew, yellow flags fluttered, and hundreds of cavalry troops were killed, causing the rebels to flee hastily. After the death, the cavalry suddenly disappeared. Later, according to the officials guarding Zhaoling, on the day of the battle in Tongguan, the stone man and horse in Zhaoling were sweating.

4. The bloody horse is a legendary good horse. It is produced in Dawan, and the sweat flows from the shoulders, showing blood color, and it can run thousands of miles in one day.

The invention of the stirrup

Although the stirrup is small, it plays a great role. It can combine the knight and the war horse well, and combine the strength of man and horse to give full play. The stirrup was first invented by China people, but the exact time is still inconclusive. Maoershan cemetery in the suburb of Jilin was discovered in the 198s, which is roughly equivalent to the middle and late Western Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

A horse equipped with stirrups

In 1993, a pair of stirrups was unearthed in Tomb No.18 of Maoershan Cemetery, which was wrapped with copper sheets and reinforced with rivets. This is an earlier stirrup unearthed in China. From 1965 to the 4th century, Beiyan was a Xianbei country founded by Feng, the Han ruler who moved to western Liaoning, on the basis of Qian Yan and Hou Yan. Feng Sufu was the younger brother of Feng Ba, the king of Beiyan. This is a tomb of Beiyan with a clear era. A pair of stirrups was unearthed in the tomb, which was almost triangular in shape and round in corner. The wooden core was covered with gold-plated copper pieces.

After the stirrup was invented, it soon spread from China to North Korea, and there were stirrup paintings in the ancient tombs of North Korea in the 5th century. As for the stirrup spread to the west, it was first spread from China to Turkey, then to the Roman Empire, and finally to the European continent.