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The Silk Road, referred to as the Silk Road for short, refers to the land passage opened by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-8 AD), starting from Chang 'an (now Xi 'an), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang, reaching Central Asia and West Asia, and connecting Mediterranean countries. In ancient times, the Silk Road was the main trade and transportation line across Eurasia. Today, most of the routes in the Eurasian Continental Bridge are the original Silk Road, so people call it the modern Silk Road, which is the most convenient passage from east to west in Eurasia. It has promoted friendly exchanges between Europe, Asia, Africa and China. China is the hometown of silk. In the trade through this route, silk is the most representative commodity exported by China. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, German geographer Richthofen called this land transportation route the Silk Road. Historians at home and abroad agree with this statement and still use it today, which is also called the Silk Road for short. The Silk Road is a product of countries along the route to promote economic and trade development, a trade avenue for exchanging needed goods between Asia and Europe in ancient times, and a road to promote friendly exchanges between Asian and European countries and China and to communicate eastern and western cultures. It has promoted social and economic development, made indelible contributions to the history of human civilization, and laid the foundation for the large-scale development of the western region. Keywords Silk Road Silk Road, referred to as Silk Road for short, refers to the land passage opened by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-8 AD), starting from Chang 'an (now Xi 'an), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang, reaching Central Asia and West Asia, and connecting Mediterranean countries. It is a commercial avenue for exchanging needed goods between Asia and Europe in ancient times, and it is also a avenue to promote friendly exchanges between Asian and European countries and China and to communicate cultural friendship between the East and the West. This paper mainly describes the origin of the Silk Road, the history of civilization exchange and the spread of civilization on the Silk Road, and analyzes the exchange and integration between the East and the West, which has promoted the social and economic development and the indelible contribution of the Silk Road culture in the history of human civilization. In particular, it has had a far-reaching impact on the development of western China. I. Formation of the Silk Road The Silk Road, also known as the Silk Road. Refers to the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-BC 138), starting from Chang 'an (now Xi 'an), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang, reaching Central Asia and West Asia and connecting Mediterranean countries. Generally, it can be divided into three sections, and each section can be divided into three lines: north, south and middle. Eastern section: from Chang 'an to Yumenguan and Yangguan. Middle section: from Yumenguan, Yangguanxi to Congling. Western section: from the green ridge to the west, through Central Asia and West Asia, until Europe. The history book says: "After the embarrassment of Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty, the princes rose together, and the people lost their homework and could not eat.". Five thousand stones per meter, people eat people, and more than half of them died. Gaozu asked people to sell their children, so they ate Shu Han. The world will die and people will die. Since the son of heaven can't drink, he has to take an ox cart. " That is to say, in the early Western Han Dynasty, the national strength was weak, the treasury was empty, and the goods were short of money, which was a desolate and dilapidated scene. The emperor couldn't find four horse-drawn carts of the same color, and some generals and prime ministers had to take ox carts. Ordinary people have little savings at home. Xiongnu in the north is mainly engaged in animal husbandry, "chasing water plants, learning to shoot and hunt, forgetting the monarch and ministers, marrying officials slightly, and running without walls." By the second century A.D., the Huns had a large sphere of influence, starting from Liaohe River in the east, Qinling Mountain in the west, the Great Wall in the south and Lake Baikal in the north. Xiongnu claimed that there were 300,000 people controlling the strings at any time. Xiongnu went deep into the Central Plains many times and plundered human and animal property at will, which seriously threatened the regime in the early Western Han Dynasty. In 200 BC, the Huns went south, and Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, led 300,000 troops, determined to lift the northern border by force. However, as soon as Liu Bang arrived in Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shaanxi Province), he was besieged by Deng Bai's 400,000 Xiongnu troops for seven days and seven nights. Later, he was able to escape because of taking bribes. This is the so-called siege of Deng Bai. Therefore, how to rescue the Huns from the disaster has become an urgent problem to be solved by the Western Han regime. Jianxin Hou put forward a compromise policy of intimacy with Xiongnu in exchange for border peace. Liu bang had no choice but to accept the proposal. In the early Han Dynasty, the Huns were treated kindly and given a lot of property to seek temporary peace, but it did not receive good results. Huns continued to invade, plunder and destroy the south. Wenjing's rule adopted a series of policies such as recuperation, and the treasury of the Western Han government was increasingly enriched. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "the millet in Taicang was too corrupt to be eaten because of Chen and Chen." When the country became strong, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, intended to unite with the western countries in order to fight against the Huns, so he sent Zhang Qian to see Da Yue who was expelled from his native land by modu chanyu. In 139 BC, Zhang Qian set out from Chang 'an with more than 100 followers and went west day and night. Zhang Qian and his party were captured by Huns on the way and placed under house arrest for more than ten years. After they escaped, they went through hardships and continued westward, reaching Dawan country (now eastern Uzbekistan), Dayue family and Daxia (now Afghanistan) successively. In the market of ptomaine (present-day Indian subcontinent), Zhang Qian suddenly saw Da Yue's felt, Daqin's Haixi cloth (ancient Rome), especially Sichuan's bamboo sticks and Shudi cloth, which surprised him, so he decided that there must be a way to get rid of ptomaine in Shudi. In 126 BC, Zhang Qian returned to Chang 'an after many twists and turns, leaving only Zhang Qian and his father. Sima Qian called Zhang Qian's first voyage to the West an unprecedented adventure. In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian was appointed as a corps commander and made his second mission to the western regions. Four years later, he and his envoys successively arrived in Wusunguo, Dawan, Kangju, Da Yue, Daxia, Rest in Peace (present-day Iran), Body Poison (present-day Indian subcontinent) and other countries. The communication between Zhang Qian and the Western Regions made the Western Han government have a better understanding of the geographical situation, customs and customs of the Western Regions. At first, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty joined forces with Dayue to contain the Huns, and later it developed into Wan Li and Jiuze, and Wade spread all over the world. In order to promote the connection between the Western Regions and the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited a large number of businessmen and used the goods rationed by the government to do business in various countries in the Western Regions. Most of these businessmen became wealthy businessmen after leaving the Western Regions, which attracted more people to engage in trade activities on the Silk Road, stimulated the development of border trade economy and greatly promoted the material and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and the Western Regions. Second, the influence of the Silk Road on the contemporary western regions in politics, economy and military affairs. 1. Politically, after Zhang Qian communicated with the Western Regions, the local government sent envoys to communicate with Han, and Han also sent envoys to exchange visits. However, due to the constant harassment of Xiongnu and the rampant bandits along the Silk Road, in order to ensure safety and strengthen the control of the border, in the second year of Emperor Xuandi of the Han Dynasty (60 BC), the Western Han Dynasty set up a directly affiliated institution in the Western Regions-the Western Regions Dufu, which was in charge of all affairs in the Western Regions, further strengthening the support of the Western Han Dynasty to the Western Regions. Since then, the vast areas of Xinjiang have been directly under the jurisdiction of the central government and become an inseparable part of China. Politically, it has strengthened its influence on this region, which is of far-reaching significance to the development of western China. Economically, the Silk Road is the only land route to the west. It is a place for businessmen to conduct trade activities and contacts. In the mutual aid fair trade, you can see both products from the Central Plains and imported goods from far away. The circulation of commodities has promoted economic development, and the increase of multilateral trade has promoted the economic development and prosperity of the whole region. Such as cantaloupe, grape, walnut, carrot, pepper, kidney bean, spinach, cucumber, pomegranate and so on. Introduced from the western regions to the Central Plains, it provided rich food for people's dining tables. After a long period of development, the wines of the western regions have also been integrated into the traditional wine culture of China. Caravans in the Central Plains export iron, gold, silver and other luxuries. All trade activities provide opportunities for economic development and national integration. These are the lessons learned from the prosperity and development of the western region today. 3. Militarily, the food problem of the border guards was solved first, because of the stationing of farmland here by Han. In ancient times, whenever there was a military action, the soldiers and horses did not move, and the food and grass went first. However, the hardships and difficulties of transporting grain and grass on the long ancient road are unimaginable, not to mention the shortage of people and money, which has caused tens of millions of losses and caused heavy waste along the way. Self-sufficient logistics support has been sufficient since land reclamation, and even if we go west, we don't need to travel long distances to transport grain and grass. The imperial court expanded the reclamation area to the west as a bridgehead. Han Ban Chao ruled the western regions for more than 30 years, and made more than 50 countries in the western regions join the Han Dynasty by fighting and supporting wars, which not only maintained the stability of the border areas of the Han Dynasty, but also strengthened the border defense construction, increased the national material reserve, greatly improved the ability to defend against the enemy, and effectively guaranteed the national border defense security. China's future progress and development will be greatly encouraged. Third, the cultural significance of the Silk Road to the western development. The opening of the Silk Road promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. It still plays an important role in China's foreign economic and cultural exchanges. It has promoted the mutual integration of China and the western world, the development of domestic economy and the further development of western China. 1. The Silk Road is a corridor for China and the western world to understand each other. The Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, from 202 BC to 220 AD, were the initial prosperous stages of the feudal society in China. At that time, Europe was in the era of Roman Empire and was in the heyday of slavery society. China culture has influenced many countries and regions in East Asia, and Roman culture has also influenced Europe and the Mediterranean. At that time, the two civilized regions of the East and the West lacked a window of mutual understanding, and the Silk Road in China was of great significance in the history of world cultural exchanges. The Silk Road brought the prosperity of China's ancient and later long-term foreign exchanges. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Europe when he went to the Western Regions, which provided favorable conditions for the future development of Sino-Western exchanges and economic and cultural exchanges. 2. The Silk Road is a channel for the ancient western minorities in China to accept advanced culture and understand the outside world. The Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty runs through the western regions. The Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty refer to Yumenguan and Yangguan, including today's Xinjiang. There are many deserts and little arable land, and people live in oases irrigated by rivers. Every oasis is a country. Along the Tarim Basin, there are countries such as Loulan, Qiemo, Yutian and shache in the south, and countries such as Cheli, Yanqi, Qiuci, Gu Mo and Shule in the north. Most of these countries are engaged in agriculture or animal husbandry, and social development is mostly in the primary stage of slave society. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions for the second time and visited many countries in the Western Regions. Countries also sent envoys to Chang 'an. Since then, there have been frequent exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions, and the Han people's cast iron, dredging, sinking technology, silk products and metal tools have spread to the Western Regions, which greatly promoted the economic and cultural development of the Western Regions. The Silk Road is not only a channel for people in the western regions to accept the culture of the Central Plains, but also a window for people in the Central Plains to understand the world. Fourthly, the Silk Road was an early blueprint for the development of western China in modern times. The western development is an important strategic decision of China at the turn of the century, and it is also an important strategy of national economic development in 2 1 century. Looking at the development of the western region from a historical perspective, we must understand the splendor of the central and western regions in the ancient economic development of China, the history of the Silk Road more than 2,000 years ago, and how prosperous the ancient cities such as Loulan, Gaochang and Dunhuang, which are famous in the vast Gobi and endless yellow sand, were at that time. These ancient cities are like gems embedded on both sides of the Silk Road, and trade income has accumulated wealth for the country. At present, relying on the national policy of developing the western region, coupled with the wisdom and unremitting efforts of the people in the western region, in order to promote the economic prosperity and development of the western region, create the glory of the Silk Road again, and take off the western economy, this heavenly road, which serves the past for the present, has become the economic artery in the development of the western region today.