Introduction to Children's Literature/Notes on Kloc-0/0 (page165-194) Part I

The introduction to the new classification of children's literature is over. Today, I began to read Chapter 6 "Children's Literature with Rhyme", which is divided into two parts:

Section 1 Children

I. Definition and classification of nursery rhymes

Children's songs refer to folk songs or songs created by literati for children to sing. The simplest definition of nursery rhymes is nursery rhymes. From the perspective of singing, nursery rhymes can be divided into "mother songs" and "children's play". From the author's point of view, it can be divided into folk nursery rhymes and nursery rhymes creation.

Folk children's songs are oral songs circulated among folk children. As far as its occurrence is concerned, folk nursery rhymes also belong to the category of folk literature. It has the basic characteristics of collectivity, oral, variability and inheritance of folk literature.

The creation of children's songs is a children's song specially created by adult writers. From the time of occurrence, the creation of children's songs is much later than that of folk children's songs.

Compared with folk children's songs, there are two main differences in creating children's songs:

First, different from the typology of folk children's songs formed by collective creation, the creation of children's songs is a personal creation with distinctive personalized characteristics, and the content and form reflect the author's own thoughts, emotions and aesthetic interests; Secondly, folk children's songs are often circulated for a long time, and some of the life they reflect has become history. Because it is a new creation, the creation of children's songs has a strong sense of realism and the times, and the life expressed is more familiar to children.

The development of literature is not a straight evolutionary path, and the old and new works cannot be the standard to judge the artistic value of works.

Second, the value of nursery rhymes

Understanding the value of children's songs requires a real artistic vision. Children's songs are actually very heavy, and seemingly simple children's songs actually contain heavy ideological and artistic values.

As far as thought and art are concerned, nursery rhymes play an important role in children's spiritual growth, and in the process of children's language development, the rhyme of nursery rhymes also has irreplaceable value in any other art form.

At first, children learn languages with their ears, not with their brains. They understand the meaning of language through sound, and the role of sound is far greater than the role of language meaning, so at this time, the language of adults and children is very important to him.

The rhyme of nursery rhymes is the result of the extreme development of children's language. In early childhood, this rhyme of children's songs is very important for their language learning. After nursery rhymes are watered, the buds of language in children's hearts will break through the ground and grow rapidly.

As folk literature, children's songs also have the function and value of recording and preserving folk customs.

Third, the artistic characteristics of children's songs

1. Fun

From the perspective of production, children's songs are the voice of human beings when they feel the harmony and joy of life; From the perspective of acceptance, children sing children's songs mainly to get happiness from them. Interest is bound to become an important feature of children's songs, which is manifested in two aspects:

Show interest in content and language form.

2. Mitigation

From the children's acceptance form, both traditional nursery rhymes and nursery rhymes are oral literature. Children's songs are for children to sing, not read. Therefore, the content must be simple and suitable for children's life experience, thoughts and feelings and language level.

The problems expressed by children's songs are clear and single. Generally, a children's song only explains one meaning, and it is not appropriate to express multiple meanings, so that children can't grasp the center.

The simplicity of children's songs is also manifested in remembering and singing well.

3. Musicality

Musicality is the life of children's songs, and the musicality of children's songs is reflected in the beautiful rhythm of language. In the most general sense, rhythm is the result of the regular alternation of contrast factors. The sound length of children's songs is also called a ruler in poetry. In children's songs, the sound level must correspond neatly, otherwise it will not produce a perfect and harmonious rhythm. Children's songs pay more attention to the arrangement and change of sound levels.

The musicality of children's songs is also reflected in rhyme.

Four, ten special forms of children's songs

1. lullaby 2. Game song 3. Count song 4. Tongue twister 5. Chain tone

6. Q&A key 7. Riddle song 8. Inverted song 9. Time series songs 10. Prefix song

Section 2 Children's Poetry

First, the establishment of children's poetry

Exploring the establishment of children's poetry needs to establish a historical dimension. The creation of children's poetry begins with educational purposes.

Dr. Esek Watts was the first children's poet, and his hymns were very popular. Song of Innocence, a collection of poems by william blake, an English romantic poet, is a pioneer of children's poetry. Later, the influential poets were anne tyler and Jane Taylor.

/kloc-the enlightenment of children's literature in the 0/8th century was also applied to the creation of children's poems. /kloc-in the 20th century, two fantastic geniuses, Edward Kerr and lewis carroll, appeared, which completely subverted the lessons of children's poetry and brought laughter and liberation to children.

/kloc-There are two main positions in children's poetry creation since the 20th century, namely, the position of singing children and the position of expressing children's voices.

The development of children's literature in China is exogenous and late-developing, which is incompatible with the development of western children's literature. As for the creation of children's poems, when China was still in the stage of singing children's songs, the creation of western children's poems had gone beyond this stage and entered the stage of expressing children's voices.

English novelist and poet Stevenson's Children's Poetry Garden is the most important collection of children's poems in19th century.

A.A. Milne, an English writer, left two classic best-selling children's poems "When We were Little" and "We were Six" for the 20th century.

The creation of children's poetry changes with the changes of the times and life. Commenting on the creation of children's poems in the second half of the 20th century, Thomson said: "In recent years, the general trend is from' poetic' to popular, from gardens to streets. Poets no longer write in the tone of adults talking to children, but speak directly to them in the tone of children."

Second, the artistic characteristics of children's poetry

Children's poems are not leftovers or semi-finished products of adult poems. Children's poems are first good poems, and then they can become children's poems.

1. "Monologues" in Children's Poetry

Children's poetry is a kind of free verse. Although many children's poems still pay attention to rhythm, rhythm and rhyme, compared with children's songs, the musicality of children's poems is obviously weakened. From the development of literary language, free verse is an intermediate state from "song" to "prose". In this process, the rhythm is weakening, but the thinking and significance are strengthening.

Children's oral language represents "dialogue" and children's poetry represents "monologue". Monologue is a complex structure, which can be deliberately and carefully organized. Monologue is a more advanced and complicated form, which belongs to the later historical complex product.

As a "monologue", the words of children's poems have many unspeakable things, and their meanings are often implied. Children's poetry is not like nursery rhymes, but the result of thinking. Because of the nature of children's monologue, it can be read aloud or silently.

2. The "image" of children's poetry

The child's image is vivid, direct and concrete. The image of children's songs is often a simple impression description, which is an objective image or scene.

However, children's poetry can "mean beyond the image", and the image of children's poetry is often an image.

3. The "self" of children's poetry

The readers of children's poems and children's songs are of different ages. Children's songs are read by preschool children, and children's songs are read by children in primary and junior high schools. As a kind of literature that observes children's spiritual world and helps children's spiritual growth, children's poetry must participate in the construction of children's spiritual world. The age that children's poetry should deal with also includes the period of finding and constructing "self", and children's poetry will naturally take the expression of "self" as its own responsibility.

4. Rhetoric of children's poetry

Is there a "lust letter" in China's ancient literary theory? As the saying goes, Boccaccio of Italy also said that no matter how deeply the impulse of poetry stirs the poet's heart, it is still difficult to complete a commendable work without some necessary means of expressing ideas, such as some rules of grammar and rhetoric.

Children's poetry is poetry, so the four joys are also the necessary means of children's poetry. However, the rhetoric used in children's poems should be different from that used in adult poems. For example, symbolism, synaesthesia and oxymoron are rarely used in children's poems. The rhetoric used in children's poems is metaphor and personification. Another kind of children's poetry is imagery poetry.

If children's poetry is rhetoric for rhetoric's sake, it will be reduced to technicalism. For the expressive force of poetry, natural imagination and natural feeling are the most fundamental things. Children's poetry has its own unique imagination, unique emotional world and unique way of understanding life, which makes its rhetoric a unique existence in the kingdom of poetry.

5. Childlike interest in children's poetry

Children's literature itself is an art full of childlike interest. At the same time, childlike interest is particularly concentrated and prominent here. This is an important difference between children's poetry and adult poetry, and is the core artistic texture of children's poetry.

Childish interest is an important aesthetic feature of children's poetry.

The childlike interest in children's poems has two factors: the first level is the poet's unique interest in children's life, and the second level is the poet's childlike interest in life and poetic expression.

Childlike interest is often included in children's unique feelings about things.

Thirdly, the types of children's poems.

Compared with adult poetry, children's poetry can be divided into lyric poetry and narrative poetry.

In lyric poems specially written for children, the lyric hero is generally the child himself. When creating, excellent poets incarnate as children, listening with children's eyes, seeing with children's eyes, and especially experiencing with children's hearts.

There is also a special type of children's lyric poetry, that is, reciting poetry. Because it is specially created for children's recitation, its rhyme and rhythm are catchy and powerful.

Narrative poems are poems that express certain events and plots. Compared with lyric poetry, narrative poetry is low-key and restrained in emotional catharsis.

There are two special types of children's narrative poems. One is a fairy tale poem. It is the product of the fusion of poetry and fairy tales; One is allegorical poetry, which is also the product of the combination of the two styles. Children's poetry can also be divided into imagery poetry, literary poetry, absurd poetry and satirical poetry.