Views of major anti-feudal thinkers in Ming and Qing Dynasties and their reflective factors

Politically, the corruption of autocratic politics was hit by the peasant uprising.

Economically, the development of commodity economy and capitalism is slow (the fundamental reason).

In terms of ideology and culture, the imperial examination based on Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism made the ideological circle show the habit of following the old rules; The spread of western learning to the east and the introduction of modern science and technology have broadened people's horizons.

2. Representatives and opinions:

(1) Li Zhi, a heretic, whose works include burning books and collecting books: denying the way of Confucius and Mencius; Criticize Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism; Advocate individual freedom and oppose blindly following the will of rulers; Pursue material enjoyment; Advocate equality between men and women

Philosophical thought: It is pointed out that everything originates from contradictory yin and yang, not from "natural justice", thus denying the theoretical basis of "preserving natural justice and destroying human desire".

(2) Gu, Wang and Huang:

Politically, it opposes absolute monarchy, advocates freedom of speech and establishes supervision institutions;

Academically, it advocates advocating pragmatic style of study and behavior, and "applying the world";

Economically, we attach importance to the development of handicrafts and commerce, and put forward "industry and commerce as the basis"