Who has a more comprehensive understanding of Wang Shouren?

(1472- 1529), a young man named Yun, whose name was Bo 'an, was famous, and Shi Wencheng was called Wang Yangming. Zhejiang Chengxuan's ancestral home is Yuyao County (now Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province). The most famous thinker, educator, writer, calligrapher, philosopher and strategist in the Ming Dynasty, who was the official of Nanjing Ministry of War Shangshu and the left capital of Nanjing Duchayuan Shi Yu, was named Xinjian Bo because of his military achievements in quelling the Chen Hao rebellion, and was posthumously named Hou in Qin Long. Wang Shouren is a master of Wang Lu's theory of mind. He is not only proficient in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but also can fight in unison. He is a rare all-rounder in the history of China.

Wang Yangming was born in the middle of Ming Dynasty. At this time, political corruption, social unrest, academic decline, trying to turn the tide and save people's hearts. He invented "the study of body and mind", advocated the teaching of conscience and cultivated the benevolence of all things. Yang was not only a master of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, but also made great achievements in his life, and was called "the true three immortals". His academic thoughts have an important and far-reaching influence in China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Southeast Asian countries and even the whole world. Therefore, Wang Yangming (master of mind), Confucius (founder of Confucianism), Mencius (master of Confucianism) and Zhu (master of Neo-Confucianism) are collectively called Confucius, Mencius, Zhu and Wang.

Ming Xianzong Chenghua was born in Yuyao County (now Yuyao, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). His father Wang Hua and Wang Hua won the first prize in the 17 years of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (148 1), and Wang Shouren moved to Peiping (Beijing) with his father.

According to Ming history, Wang Shouren was born as Wang Yun, but he could not speak when he was five years old. A monk told Wang Hua to change his son's name to Wang Shouren. Wang did, but didn't speak. Wang Hua is very strict with his son's family education. When Wang Shouren was a teenager, he studied martial arts and worked very hard, but he liked playing chess very much, which often delayed his lessons. Although his father scolded him repeatedly, he never changed his mind. In a rage, he threw chess into the river. Wang Shouren's heart shook passively, and he suddenly realized that he immediately wrote a poem to pin his ambition:

Chess is fun all day long, but once it is lost by strict relatives.

The soldiers fell into the river without rescue, and the generals drowned together.

A horse travels thousands of miles with the waves, like swimming in the Three Rivers.

There was an earthquake with a cannon, and Wolong immediately became worried.

Wang Shouren was smart and studious since childhood, but he was not limited to the Four Books and Five Classics. He also liked other books. His ideas are also strange, and many private school teachers have been unable to understand him. A limerick he made can explain his idea well:

The mountain is smaller than the moon and the sidewalk is bigger than the moon.

If people's eyes are as big as the sky, they should see that the mountains are higher and the moon is wider.

According to research, the author Wang Shouren was twelve years old. This poem is called "Covering the Moon", which is the first poem in Wang Shouren that has been passed down through the ages.

He calls himself Zhuge Liang and is determined to achieve something. After that, I studied hard and made great progress in my study. Riding, shooting and the art of war have become more and more skilled. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1499), he was admitted to the imperial examination and was awarded the post of the Ministry of War. At that time, the imperial court knew that he was a learned man, but Zhong Zhang, the eunuch of the prefect's military affairs, thought that Wang Shouren had taught the scribes of the Ministry of War, so he looked down on Shou Ren. Once he forced Shouren to shoot an arrow in public, trying to make a fool of himself. Shouren refused again and again, but Zhong Zhang refused. Shouren had to raise his bow and arrow, bend his bow and brush three arrows, which made Zhong Zhang very embarrassed. Wang Shouren served as the Minister of War for three years. Zheng Deyuannian (1506) was sentenced to forty and demoted to Longchang (xiuwen county) in Guizhou for opposing eunuch Liu Jin. On the way to the Dragon Field, I experienced twists and turns, successfully escaped the pursuit of the Royal Guards, and finally realized the way of the Dragon Field. After Liu Jin was punished, he was appointed as the magistrate of Luling County and was promoted to Shao Qing of Nantaipu Temple. At that time, Wang Qiong was appointed minister of the Ministry of War. He thought that Shouren had unparalleled talent and recommended it to the court. In the eleventh year of Zheng De (15 16), he took the right suggestion and succeeded the governor of Gannan. He got on the horse to run the army, got off the horse to run the people, and the civilian was in charge of the military code, combining civil and military, doing things in Zhi Min and using troops quickly. In order to suppress the peasant uprising and put down the "Chen Hao rebellion", he worshipped the Nanjing Ministry of War and sealed "Xinjian Bo". Later, because of his high performance, he resigned and went back to his hometown to give lectures. He founded academies in Shaoxing and Yuyao to promote "Wang Xue". In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), he was sent back to the Guangdong and Guangxi armies. Later, due to lung disease, he went to Shanghai to beg for refuge. 1529 (1529)1/kloc-0 died of pneumonia in Nan 'an, Jiangxi Province in the middle of the week.

Wang Yangming was born on September 30th of the eighth year of Chenghua in Ming Xianzong (1472). His ancestors were Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His father, Wang Hua, was the champion in Chenghua seventeen years (148 1), and later became an official in Nanjing. According to the chronicle, on the eve of his birth, his grandmother dreamed that someone had sent a son from the clouds. When I woke up, Wang Yangming was just born, so my grandfather named him Wang Yun, and the villagers also called his birthplace Ruiyun Building. However, he didn't speak until he was five years old. One day, a monk passed by and touched his head and said, "Good boy, it's a pity to tell the truth", meaning that his name "Yun" revealed the secret of his birth. His grandfather suddenly woke up and changed his name to Shouren. After that, he began to speak. This story is a bit of a myth, but it can be seen from this story that he did not show intelligence when he was young.

At the age of ten, his father was the top student in high school, and Wang Yangming went to Beijing with his father. When passing through Jinshan Temple, my father and friends got together. At the banquet, someone suggested making a poem about Jinshan Temple. Everyone is still thinking hard. Wang Yangming has already finished: "Jinshan is as big as a fist, breaking the underwater sky." I was drunk on the wonderful platform last month, and Xiao Yu blew through the hole and fell asleep. " The fourth floor was shocked, and he was asked to write poems to build a moon house. Wang Yangming casually intoned, "The mountain is near the moon, and the sidewalk is bigger than the moon. If people have eyes as big as the sky, the mountains and the moon can see wider. " This means looking at different things from different angles.

When he was studying in Beijing at the age of eleven or twelve, he asked his teacher, "What's the first thing?" The teacher said that "only reading can get the first place in the imperial examination". At that time, he said, "The first thing is not to study, but to learn to be a saint." Despite this, he has been unruly since he was a child, and all records say that he is not so "heroic". For example, after the death of 13-year-old mother, his stepmother was very bad to him. He bribed a witch to play tricks on his stepmother so that she could be nice to him from now on. He doesn't study very hard and often leads his companions to play military games. When he was young, he traveled the border, practiced riding and archery, and showed the secrets of Sun Tzu's art of war. He often takes the method of arranging stones as a game when meeting guests.

In five cases of Zheng Deyuan in Ming Dynasty (1506), Wang Yangming was sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment by the court for opposing eunuch Liu Jin, and was relegated to Longchang, Guizhou (xiuwen county, Guiyang Prefecture, now Longchang Town, xiuwen county City, Guizhou Province). He came to the southwest mountainous area of China, where Longchang Mountain is very thin and Miao and Liao nationalities live together, which gave him a new understanding of the central idea of "University". Wang Shouren believes that the human heart inherently contains the rules of the world's operation (mind is reason). I realized that "the sage's way is self-sufficient, and seeking truth from facts is also a mistake." "(The understanding of Tao is finally found in your own heart, and you understand it yourself. It's no use reading predecessors' books and listening to others. Tao is there, in my heart, it is the trunk. No matter what Buddha, Tao and Buddha are, they are all branches and leaves. If you are too close to the branches and leaves, you can't see the trees, but you can see the trunk clearly when you stand far away. In this quiet and hard environment of Longchang, Wang Yangming reflected day and night with his own experience over the years. One night, it suddenly dawned on him. This is the famous "Dragon Field Enlightenment".

During this period, he wrote "Training all the students in the Dragon Field". Many of his disciples were puzzled by his theory of "unreasonable outside the heart, nothing outside the heart" and asked him: What is the relationship between the flower trees in Nanshan and my heart? He replied, "When I didn't see this flower, it died with my heart." When I came to see this flower, I understood its color for a while. I know this flower is not outside your heart. "

Seven years later, he described the enlightenment of this legend himself, saying: "In his early years, he kept his benevolence and indulged in the study of poems, which was not only a little knowledge of orthodox learning, but also a disturbance of various opinions, so that he could not enter." I am relieved by seeking the old, and I am glad to have the opportunity in my heart, thinking that the learning of saints is here! " However, due to the teachings of Confucius, there are differences between them, and daily use measures are often lacking. Going back and forth in violation of regulations, trusting and suspicious. Later, he was demoted to a dragon farm, trapped in a foreign country and forbearing. He seems to have realized and experienced exploration, but he is even more cold and hot, proving the five classics and four gentlemen, and setting the river will release the sea. Then sigh the sage's way, magnanimous as Tao.

In the 12th year of Zhengde (15 17), there was a rebellion in the south of Jiangxi and the mountainous areas bordering Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Mountain people rely on caves to build villages and form their own army in Fiona Fang, nearly a thousand miles away. The local officials were helpless, so they told the imperial court. The Ministry of War advised Jiangxi, the governor Wang Shouren, who was the right capital of the empire at that time, to suppress the rebellion. In the 13th year of Zheng De's reign (15 18), in the first month, Wang Shouren pacified Chi Zhongrong (Chidabian), and invited him to establish Heping County and County School. In March, Shouren arrived in Jiangxi to take up his post. Quickly mobilize troops from the three provinces to suppress the uprisings in Xinfeng and other places. In July, Wang Shouren read that the war caused great losses. Last week, he asked the court to allow him to woo himself. The Ming court entrusted the local military and political power and allowed it to be humble. 10, Wang Shouren led his troops to attack Lantianfeng and Xiezhishan Barracks in Zuoxi, Chongyi County, Jiangxi Province, and joined forces with them in Zuoxi. Wang Shouren surrendered himself. In November, Wang Shouren sent a special envoy to woo, and broke the blue sky phoenix department. It was in these two years of war that he mastered a mysterious tool-the unity of knowledge and action.

Putting down the rebellion of Ning Wang Zhu in Nanchang was the greatest military achievement in his life. When he was going to Fujian to wipe out bandits (there were not many troops), his troops had just marched to Fengcheng, and Ning Wang Zhu suddenly rebelled. Therefore, Wang Shouren actively prepared for war, allocated rations, repaired equipment, and then issued a denunciation of thieves and robbers, published an indictment against Wang Ning, and asked all localities to arise and be diligent.

At that time, I was most worried about the invasion and occupation of Nanjing by Zhu Dong, the king of Ning. If Nanjing falls, Ning Wang will have the capital to claim the title of emperor, and at the same time occupy a geographical position, which is hard to destroy. Wang Shouren bluffing, using false propaganda and false information, disturbed Wang Ning's sight in the city, forcing him to make a wrong judgment, thinking that various armies had formed a trend of encirclement. At the same time, he used counter-measures and ordered people to sneak into Nanchang with wax pills, which made Wang Ning doubt his subordinates' strategy of attacking Nanjing. Ning Wang was really taken in. He hesitated for half a month and was at a loss. He dare not send troops to attack Nanjing. Wang Shouren took advantage of this opportunity to prepare to defend Nanjing, making it impossible for Wang Ning to attack Nanjing.

In July, King Ning led 60,000 men, captured Jiujiang and Nankang, and crossed the river to attack Anqing. At this time, Wang Shouren has mobilized 80,000 troops (mainly local militia and farmers), claiming to be 300,000. Wang Shouren summoned his soldiers to ask how to retreat from the enemy. It was pointed out that Anqing should be given first aid. Wang Shouren said, "Jiujiang and Nankang have been occupied by the enemy. If we cross Nanchang to save Anqing, we will be caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Now Nanchang is empty, and our army is full of momentum, which can be broken in one fell swoop. When the enemy heard of the fall of Nanchang, they would certainly return to the division to save it. At this time, when we meet him in Poyang Lake, we will definitely win. " Due to a lot of propaganda work in the early stage, it was lied that a large number of troops attacked the city, but Nanchang has actually fallen apart. Two days later, Wang Shouren sent generals to meet Wang Ning's army in five ways. Four divisions marched in and ambushed all the way. After the war, Wang Ning's army was quickly attacked between Scylla and Charybdis and was divided into several parts. Later, he was ambushed and defeated, and fled to the eight-character brain area. Seeing a genial smile, King Ning quickly dispatched the elite troops from Jiujiang and Nankang to attack, and sent several troops to meet and win Nankang.

This battle is quite fierce and it is a key battle. Once the loyalist retreated, Wang Shouren immediately beheaded the evacuee and ordered the army to fight to the death. Finally, the enemy was defeated. The enemy surrendered to the woodshed area and arranged the ships in a square. King Ning took out gold and silver jewelry to reward the soldiers and rewarded them with thousands of dollars, asking them to fight well.

But Wang Shouren saw the defects of Wang Ning's phalanx, and he decided to follow Battle of Red Cliffs's example and set the ship on fire. The next day, King Ning held a "morning meeting" on the boat. Wang Shouren's army arrived, loaded the boat with grass, set fire to the wind, and burned Wang Ning's auxiliary boat. Imperial secretaries and civil and military officials below Loufei dived in succession. Wang Ning's flagship ran aground, unable to move, and hurriedly transferred to the ship to escape, and was caught by Wang Yangming's lower body, and other ministers of civil and military affairs in Wang Ning also became prisoners. Soon, Nankang and Jiujiang were also captured by loyalists, and Wang Ning's rebellion was completely quelled, only for 35 days. Therefore, Wang Shouren is called "the God of Daming Army".

Later, Ming Wuzong went to war under the pseudonym of "Zhu Shou, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the governor", and Jiang Bin was up to no good, inciting Wu Zong to fight against Wang Ning and personally arrested him. Wang Yangming showed kindness to eunuch Zhang Yong, indicating that doing so would kill more people. Finally, the result of coordination is: let Ming Wuzong go to Nanjing, and then let Wang Ning be captured by the emperor, and everyone is happy.

governor of Guangdong and Guangxi

1527 (the sixth year of jiajing of emperor shizong of Ming dynasty), Wang Shouren, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, defeated the local armed forces of Yao and Dong. Because of his work, he was named Dr. Guanglu and Dr. Xinjian, hereditary, with an age of 1000 stone, but neither iron coupons nor Lu age were issued.

Go home after illness

After the war between Guangdong and Guangxi, Yangming's lung disease worsened and he begged for help. 1529 1 9/month (the seventh year of Jiajing 1 1 29/month), Wang Shouren died in Nan 'an, in the middle of Jiangxi province. On his deathbed, the students around him asked him what his last words were, and he said, "This heart is bright, what can I say!" " .

After his death, he was named Wencheng and later named Xinjian Hou. The twelfth year of Wanli was dedicated to the Confucius Temple.

political propaganda

keep strictly the rules for reward and punishment

He advocated clear "reward and punishment" to improve the effectiveness of the rule, and advocated practicing ethics to prevent "crime". He believes that rewards and punishments are "great gifts of the country" and should be paid full attention to and used correctly. At that time, there were more and more "thieves" because of the excessive use of "Zhao Fu", because of the lack of troops, and because of the lack of good implementation of rewards and punishments, so that "death is effective and there is no suggestion and reward; Retreat and flee, there is no sum of slaughter. " Such laws are not clear, and rewards and punishments are not believed, even if there are millions of troops, it is useless. He also advocated that "the reward should not exceed the time, and the punishment should not exceed the time". He believed that the outdated reward was equal to no reward, and the outdated punishment was equal to no punishment, which did not play the role of persuading good and punishing evil. The purpose of these propositions is to improve the efficiency of governance in order to "break the thief in the mountain".

Methods of measuring emotions

Emphasize that law enforcement should be "emotional and legal", treat him differently, and oppose "greedy and indiscriminate killing, regardless of jade." For example, when dealing with the rebels in the "Chen Hao Rebellion", they advocated that only the principal offender should be sentenced to death. As for those who "disobey", they think that "the original situation will be fulfilled, the loss will be light, and the penalty will be like injury". It is better to "obey the will of the people" and sentence them to exile the army forever, so that "the feelings and laws can be exhausted" and "the crime is too light". In another "notice", he even announced that those who were coerced into "insurrection" would be exempted from investigation. "For the first time, everyone was allowed to vote to avoid death and give them a chance to return to work." Doing so not only makes the police know, but also shows the "kindness" of the court. This is the concrete application of his "soft-hearted hooligan" strategy in law. In addition, he also advocated that the application of the law should be combined with the specific local conditions at that time, especially in remote areas where the land is far away and the politics and religion are inferior, and when the people are ignorant of the law, all matters such as "learning money and food" can be handled conveniently from the local reality at that time: "At the request of the applicant, promote the reformers and protect the people." Under the principle of "action by force", he noticed the flexibility of applying the law.

Maoji

We should pay attention to "discipline", purge law enforcement personnel and put an end to "extra-legal punishment". We should vigorously clean up the illegal acts of the children of dignitaries stealing official positions, such as meanness, "harassing the road, making meritorious deeds by taking advantage of the situation, getting something for nothing, relaxing the morale of the soldiers, and encouraging resentment in border defense", especially for law enforcement officers who "fight violence with violence." However, he pointed out that in the judicial trial, "it is difficult to punish Cao Dian for prison proceedings" and things are "complicated and difficult". They are often suppressed and restrained by powerful people, so that if they break the prison according to law, "it is not out of mouth, but humiliation has been imposed on them;" Things are not solved in reverse, but the machine has been sent into a trap. " In this case, it is very difficult to make them "not obsessed with the law, not suffering from disaster." In this regard, it is especially necessary to remove obstacles to the implementation of the law by cleaning up bureaucracy and strict rewards and punishments. He also urged to strengthen prison management and put an end to "extra-judicial punishment", pointing out that the "prison-lifting hall" in the capital is an important place where "all prisons in the world exist", and officials responsible for lifting prisons must take it seriously, especially "shackles, key opening and closing, prevention of cold and hot weather, special support for hunger and thirst diseases". This can not only prevent "accidents", but also prevent prisoners from being "lightly abandoned to death". He also stressed that the "crimes" committed by prisoners in prison are not all "forbidden secrets", and there are also reasons why improper supervision has prompted them to commit crimes again. Therefore, only if the order in the prison is "not harsh and dense" and the prisoners are not subject to "extra-legal punishment" can we avoid "more harm than good".

Personal realization

Statue of Wang Shouren [1] Wang Shouren was a master of psychology in the Song and Ming Dynasties in China. He developed Lu Jiuyuan's theory against the Zhu Cheng School. He said: "There is no good and disgusting body, there are good and malicious actions. Knowing good and evil is a conscience, and good and evil are things. " And take this as the teaching purpose. He asserted that "the reason of all things is nothing more than my heart" and denied that there is reason, material and material outside my heart. It is believed that learning is to "learn only from its heart" and "compare with planting, the heart takes root." Those who study, cultivate, irrigate and support hoes are nothing more than roots. "It is required to use this method of self-cultivation to achieve the so-called' integration of all things'. His theories of "unity of knowledge and action" and "progress of knowledge and action" are aimed at opposing the theory of "knowing and action in turn" of Ru Songru and Cheng Yi, and various statements that separate the relationship between knowledge and action. He talked about children's education, opposed to "whipping the rope and imprisoning if you want", and advocated that "you must be encouraged and the center will be happy" in order to achieve "natural nature, daily necessities". His theory appeared in an "anti-traditional" posture, and after the middle of Ming Dynasty, Yangming school was formed and had great influence. He accepts disciples everywhere. After his death, Wang Xue was divided into several schools, but the same school appeared, and each school had its own advantages. His philosophical thoughts are widely circulated overseas, especially in Japanese academic circles. Tougou Heihachirou, a Japanese general, has a waist tag that "worships Yang Ming all his life". His disciples and psychology have influenced many people: Xu Jie, Zhang, Harry, Tao Xingzhi and so on. And they are famous overseas! Wang Shouren is not only a philosopher and educator, but also a famous poet. He loves the mountains and rivers in his hometown very much. After he returned to his hometown, he often visited places of interest and left many well-known poems. As he wrote "Recalling Longquan Mountain":

I love Longquan Mountain, where monks are quite wild.

Sitting in the well all day, sometimes lying in Panasonic.

Don't go to Yunshan for one night, travel for three years.

Shame on killing the spring under the rock will clear itself sooner or later.

Wang Shouren traveled to Xuedou Mountain in Fenghua, and his poem Xuedou Mountain is beautiful. People have been telling it for hundreds of years.

It is difficult to break the poor mountain road alone, but it is difficult to cross a thousand streams and see the stone altar.

Gog rang the bell, the monk fell asleep, and there was no heat in the deep forest.

Gu Lei is faintly connected with the rock waterfall, and Shan Yu is closely reflected with the bamboo pole.

Don't be surprised that all the peaks are familiar. I have seen this painting once.

Wang Shouren's life is full of works. After his death, his master compiled 38 volumes of Wang Wen's Book of Success, among which the most important philosophical works were Biography and University Question.

He condensed the theory of psychology into four sentences, namely, four strategies of psychology: no good and no evil body,

There are good deeds and bad intentions.

Knowing good and evil is conscience,

Doing good and eliminating evil is a good thing.

Yuyao "Four Monuments Pavilion" has a monument pavilion to commemorate him. The inscription reads: the hometown of Wang Yangming, a sage of Ming Dynasty. Couplet: once the university was a famous religion, and there were high-rise buildings. Banner: True Three Immortals.

Extracardiac irrationality

Inheriting Lu Jiuyuan's theory and carrying forward Lu's thought, it is called "Lu Wang School". Based on the theory of "mind is reason", Lu Jiuyuan thinks that the place where things start is to realize the truth. Wang Shouren was dissatisfied with Lu Jiuyuan's explanation. He said: Lu Xiangshan's learning, "he knows speculation and the language of things, although he is tired and does not follow."

Oppose Cheng's method of "seeking the ultimate truth through things", because things are endless and unique, which is too tiring. Therefore, he advocated seeking the truth from his own heart, believing that the truth is in his own heart, and the truth is transformed into all things in the universe. People have grasped its subtlety, so people have grasped its essence.

As Lu Jiuyuan said, "The heart is rational and the heart is rational." Why not look outside? Therefore, it is obvious that "initial heart" is clear about "heaven". Therefore, Wang Shouren emphasized: "There is only one heart, which means benevolence in terms of all its troubles;" As far as its appropriateness is concerned, this means righteousness; As far as its organization is concerned, this means reason. Can't seek benevolence, justice and reason from outside? This knowing and doing is two because it seeks truth from the outside; Seeking truth from my heart, this holy gate is the teaching of unity of knowledge and action. "

the unity of knowing and doing

Inscription and Postscript [2] On the relationship between knowledge and action, starting from "the universe is one", he opposed Zhu's theory that "the prophet acts after action". Wang Shouren thinks that since we know this truth, we should carry it out. If you just claim to know and don't practice, it can't be called real knowledge. Real knowledge cannot be separated from practice. For example, when you know the truth of filial piety, you are already very filial and care about your parents; When you know kindness, you have treated your friends with kindness. The real unity of knowing and doing lies in doing what you know. Knowing and doing happen at the same time. His aim is "if there is something wrong with the engine, knock it down, and it needs to be completely cured so as not to lurk in the chest."

In the handbook compiled by his students, Wang Shouren understood Zhu's theory of separation of knowledge and action, such as "after the prophet's behavior". Ancient sages saw that many people spent a lot of time and energy on knowledge and neglected action, thinking that this would lead to grandiose atmosphere, so they began to emphasize the need to know before acting, and later people understood it as saying that they should act after acting, which misunderstood the sage's meaning. Beijing Jiaotong University, Northeastern University and Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics regard it as part of the school motto.

Say to conscience

Wang Shouren has experienced many deaths and hardships in life. At the age of 50, he put forward the academic purpose of "to conscience" as if the finishing touch: "A certain theory of conscience comes from many deaths and tribulations, so I want to speak it out at once. I am afraid that scholars will treat it as a child's play, treat it as a situation, treat it as hard work, and treat it as ignorance! "

You can only ask for it.

Wang Yangming advocated the "seeking truth from facts" style of study, and made many explanations. Today, the spirit of "seeking truth" is still very important. Zhejiang University regards it as part of its motto.

farmer

Gu put forward in Volume 7 of Rizhilu that "scholars, farmers and businessmen are called four people, and their theory began with Guan Zi (Guan Zhong)." Wang Yangming believes that scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce "all belong to the ways that are beneficial to strangers, and then merge into one", and further explains the view that "the four ancient people walked in different ways, shared the same way, and specialized in one thing". He put the industry and commerce, which has always been regarded as a "cheap industry" in the traditional concept, at the same height as scholars. (Table of Jiean Cemetery) Wang Yangming's Addendum to the Manual says: "Although trading by the day does not harm him as a saint." This theory is called "New Four-person Theory".

Four-sentence teaching

"Four-sentence teaching" is a comprehensive summary of Wang Yangming's philosophical thoughts in his later years, that is, "there is no body that is good and disgusting, and there is a good and malicious trip, knowing good and evil as a conscience, and eliminating evil as a style".

Conscience is the noumenon of the heart. Without good and evil, there is no shelter for selfish desires. It is a natural truth, which is not good or evil before it is made, and it is also the realm we pursue. It is "before it was made", and it is impossible to distinguish good from evil, so there is no good and evil; When people have thoughts and activities, they add this kind of thoughts to things, and this kind of thoughts will be divided into good and evil. It can be said that it has been "developed", and things will be neutralized and missed, that is, it is in line with heaven, and those who are in the middle are good and those who are not are evil; Although conscience has no good or evil, it is free to know good or evil, which is the ontology of knowledge; All knowledge and cultivation boil down to one point, that is, to eliminate evil by virtue, that is, to act according to one's own conscience.

It is the law of nature that there is no good and no evil. Without it, there is no good and no evil, and it is also the realm we pursue.

But sometimes people's judgment will be wrong, that is, the action of will will will be wrong, that is, they can't correctly distinguish good from evil, treat evil as good, and treat good as evil, so their conscience will also be wrong, which will lead them astray. Why is this happening?

Because at this time, the heart has been covered by selfishness and material desires, which is unnatural. At this time, we must oppose egoism.

Try to make your heart return to a state of innocence.

Only by returning to the state of no good and no evil can we have a correct conscience and attitude.

What is right? As long as you can achieve a heart without selfish desires, the truth in your heart is actually the truth of everything in the world.

Heaven depends not on empty talk, but on knowledge. Relying on practice and introspection, that is, "integration of knowledge and action".

There is justice and selflessness in the heart, just like there are rules, rules and rules in the world, which can measure the square and circle of everything in the world. No matter how many squares and circles there are, no matter how big or small they are, we can reveal their laws by knowing things, otherwise these laws are incorrect. Justice lies in people's hearts.

This is the realm of life pursued by Wang Yangming, that is, "to enjoy the spirit and cultivate nature to swim in creation", and "to view things casually is to do business and understand the mystery." The Tao is happy in a dangerous place, and the state of "true joy" or "true self" is naturally formed. This state is detached and free from personal fame and fortune, fame and fortune, wealth and poverty. In this state of "supreme happiness", man and Dahua are popular, and "carefree" is between "the scenery of life", which realizes the unity of social and natural, reason and sensibility, beauty and goodness, and reaches a highly free spiritual realm of liveliness and happiness.

His aesthetics of conscience experience is worth touching and experiencing in our daily life. On the busy road, when I look back, I find that the clothes of our ancestors must be fluttering, and those who are living in the face of flies and dogs have left us with a smile on the hard road, and they have gone to pursue a free and clear life of saints. Only in this festival can I touch my inner "conscience". Obviously, Wang's "imitation" is much more friendly than Zhu's "imitation" and much more useful to me.

Wang Men's four-sentence teaching expounds the multiple meanings of mind, body and conscience in his psychological system, and points out that the connotations of mind, nature and reason are not exactly the same as commonly thought. Through the analysis of the nature of mind, it is pointed out that the "supreme good" mentioned by Wang Yangming is an unattainable good beyond moral good and evil. Finally, through the analysis of the relationship between noumenon and Kung Fu, this paper reveals the potential contradiction in the teaching of four sentences, and points out that this contradiction is an important reason for the differentiation of mind and nature.

Educational thought

"On Practice" is divided into three volumes, namely, upper, middle and lower volumes, which are included in "Wang Wen's Book of Success", including one to three volumes, as well as a single book. The volume contains quotations from Wang Shouren's lectures, including the "theory of matter" and "mind is reason" mainly discussed in his early lectures, as well as the related issues of mind and nature in Confucian classics; This volume is mainly composed of seven letters written by Wang Shouren to his contemporaries and students. Actually, it is seven books about learning, in addition to socialism. Among them, Gu Dongqiao's Answer, Teaching and Reading Liu and so on have great influence. , focusing on the theory of "unity of knowledge and action" and "to conscience". The second volume is Quotations of Lectures, and the second volume is a summary of Zhu's later years. Zhu Zi's conclusion in his later years includes a preface he wrote and 34 self-reproaching words in Zhu Yi, aiming at making Zhu self-criticism and self-denial, and proving that Zhu did have a tendency of "returning to the roots and seeking truth" in his later years. The quotations from Wang Shouren's speeches included in the volume mainly discuss "conscience" and "to conscience". The Manuscript, edited by Wang's disciples Xu Ai and Qian Dehong, contains the main contents of the theory, which has always been regarded as the "classic" of Yangming's mind and is an important material for studying educational thoughts. All the quotations were recorded by Wang Men's disciples, but the editor just arranged them, indicating which articles were recorded by whom, without further arrangement, so there is no internal logical connection between the articles. Wang Shouren's Seven Letters is the representative work of Wang Shouren's academic works. However, when reading these letters, if we link them with other letters about learning, they reflect Wang Shouren's more mature educational thoughts in his later years. However, due to the editor's choice, some important works such as Respect for Classics in Jishan Academy and Questions about Universities were not included, which obviously made us feel inadequate in understanding and studying Wang Shouren's educational thoughts. Therefore, when commenting on Biography, it is necessary to contact other chapters in the book.