The technology of beekeeping

Technology of beekeeping Beekeeping is a traditional sideline industry in China. It has small investment, fast development, big profit, and does not take up arable land. Honey is widely used and has high economic value. Bee pollination can significantly improve crop yield and quality. Therefore, the development of beekeeping production is promising. (I) Selection of seed bees There are two kinds of bees kept in China: Chinese bees and western bees. Breeding bees should be selected during the breeding period, the first half of the year in February-March in the south, the second half of the year in September-October, and in April-May in the north. Breeding bees. The conditions for selection are: diligent in and out of the hive, more than 3-4 frames of bees in the hive, young bees and child spleens are neatly capped, and there is a lot of stored honey. The queen bee is large, densely covered with downy hair, with a long and plump abdomen, laying a large number of eggs, and the hive spleens are neat and close to full frames, with fewer male hives. Each colony of Italian bees should have 10 frames of hive spleens. (B) the choice of apiary apiary around a rich source of pollen, such as field crops of rapeseed, zoysia, camas, sesame, sunflower, cotton, buckwheat, etc.: fruit trees, citrus, lychee, longan, persimmon, jujube, loquat, etc., crumbs of field crops of nectar, each bee harvesting colony should be 3 to 6 acres of nectar crops area, warm in winter and cool in summer, free from the influence of livestock, chemical plants and pesticides. (C) Beekeeping equipment 10 frames of standard beehives, the box placed 10 445 × 235mm hive frames, 16 frames of horizontal beehives, suitable for transhumance, high and narrow beehives is a kind of improved beehives for rearing Chinese bees. The hives are equipped with face net, smoke sprayer, nail hammer, scraper, bee sweeper, and queen board for managing the colony. Honey extracting equipment: honey cutter, honey shaker, royal jelly production equipment: royal jelly frames, bee rods, insect removal needles. In addition, there are hive foundation, hive foundation machine, male bee trapper, bee thief preventer, pollen collector, feeder, bee stripper, queen protection ring and queen cage. (D) General management of bee colony 1. Inspection of bee colony: The comprehensive inspection includes: the presence or absence of queen bees, the amount of bees, the amount of powder and honey storage, the growth of spleen (eggs, insects, pupae) and the presence or absence of pests and diseases, etc. Before and after the transfer, a comprehensive inspection should be carried out. A full inspection should be carried out before and after the transfer, and usually only individual swarms with doubts should be inspected. Inspection of bee colonies should be carried out above 20℃. In spring and fall season, it is better to check at noon: in summer hot season, it is better to check in the morning and evening. 2. Placement of the apiary: the apiary should be set up in a place with the wind at the back, facing the sun, with high and dry terrain, no noise and no livestock coming and going. Italian bees can be collectively discharged in a number of cites, while Chinese bees should be scattered. The hive doors should not be in the same direction. The mesophilic bees that are transferred to another place should be sprinkled with water when they arrive at the destination. The position of the honeybee colony should not be changed at will after it has been put in place. If it is necessary to relocate (within 50 meters), the beehives should be moved forward or backward day by day, each time by 1 m. If it is necessary to relocate for a long distance, keep the beehives for a month or so, and then relocate them to a predetermined position. When transporting bees during the hot season, keep enough space in the swarm (more spleens than bees) and give water (watered spleens) appropriately. Shipping should be done at night. If the transportation takes more than 3 days, the bees should be unloaded and released once after 1 day of transportation, so that the bees can move around for 5 hours at night and then be transported to the destination. 3. Construction of hive spleen: If there are more nectar sources in the outside world and the colony develops faster, the construction of hive spleen should be started. It is advisable to use small swarms (5-frame swarms) and natural swarms to build spleens. Before the arrival of the big flow of nectar, you can use the big swarm to build the spleen, after the big flow of nectar begins, you should immediately stop building the spleen, and switch to the production of royal jelly and honey. The hive foundation should be added and positioned to be inserted between the honey spleen and the small larvae spleen. The new spleen should be withdrawn immediately before adding the new foundation. When 3 new spleens are made in a box, the spleen making should be stopped, and the new spleens should be added to the split swarms and new queen swarms for egg laying, while the old spleens should be used for honey storage. 4. Combination of swarms: In winter and spring, the weak swarms have no ability to protect themselves from the cold and reproduce, so it is necessary to combine two or more swarms of bees. During the honey flow period, in order to capture the high yield, the medium swarm will be merged to form a strong swarm for the production of royal jelly and honey. When the swarm loses the queen or the queen is aging, it is also necessary to merge with the swarm with strong oviposition. 5. Prevention and suppression of bee stealing: Bee stealing is a honey swarm that flies to its swarm box to hold and eat honey, which often occurs in the fall. When the theft of bees has just occurred, the hive door of the stolen swarm should be narrowed immediately, or cover the beehive with straw to hide the hive door. Or move the stolen swarm away from the original position by 3-5m, put an empty box in the original position, and move the stolen swarm back to the original position after 1-2 days, or immediately transport the swarm to 8km away and park it. 6. Handling of eggs laid by worker bees: worker bees lose the king for 3-5 days, and a few worker bees can lay unfertilized eggs after 2-3 weeks. The worker bees are found to be laying eggs. Egg laying, should be introduced early to a mature king platform or old king to the group, can also be transferred to the small larval spleen of his group 1 ~ 2, let it do part of the rush to build the king platform. With a queen, the laying of eggs by worker bees will stop immediately. 7. Handling of escaped swarms: The escape of swarms is mainly caused by external harassment and internal lack of honey, bee stealing, invasion of pests and diseases as well as the emergence of natural kingstands. When the swarm escapes, when the worker bees have not yet left the hive in large quantities or the queen has not taken off, the lid of the box should be opened immediately, replaced with a screen cover and sprayed with cold water to make the swarm quiet, and then check the cause of the escape and deal with it immediately. If the escaped swarm is far away from the hive, it should be collected into the box with the hive spleen with larvae after the swarm settles down. (E) Management of bee colonies in the main honey period of spring and summer 1. Management of bee colonies in the early flowering and safflowering period of rape in spring: In the early flowering period of rape, we should choose a warm day to inspect and reorganize the bee colonies, and draw off the hive spleens with no bees, fewer bees, and more males, and moldy and wet nectar spleens, and narrow down the area between spleens to 9mm, so as to create the conditions for the queen bee to lay eggs and expand the area of the cotyledon spleen. Swarms with less than one spleen should be merged. In order to save more queens, weak swarms can be formed into double-queen swarms to facilitate bee, swarm development and heat preservation. When the queen bee lays eggs, the heat preservation inside and outside the hive should be strengthened. Sunny days (not less than 14 ℃) should also remove the insulation inside the hive box and expose it to the sun to destroy mold and drive away moisture. The outside of the box is covered with straw or plastic film. According to the high and low temperatures, the size of the nest door should be adjusted at any time. When there is a lack of honey, the hive spleen should be added, which can be replaced with a stored hive spleen from 11B″ a.m. to 3 p.m. (not lower than 14°C), or the honey liquid can be slightly heated and poured on both sides of the hive spleen, which is then added to the box for the bees to consume. In the case of honey spleen or spleen changing work can not be carried out, can be dissolved honey or sugar, soaked into the feeder from, placed in the box on the heat preservation straw, and put some short grass or pieces of wood suspended, so as to avoid drowning bees when feeding. Oil picking early flowering, regardless of the group memory honey abundance or failure, need to feed dilute honey water, concentration of 40 ~ 50%, to stimulate the queen bee egg laying and promote the work of worker bees. 7 frames of the following, each box each time to feed 0.25kg: 8 frames of more than each frame each time to feed 0.5kg. the whole period of flowering should be fed. When the pollen in the hive is exhausted, it should be given supplementary feeding. It can be wetted with skimmed soybean powder, raw mother's flour, sweet potato powder, skimmed milk powder, etc., mixed with honey, and then coated in the empty hive room or placed in the feeder, or in the bottom of the hive box on a piece of paper, and then sprinkle the pollen on the paper for the honey bees to feed on. In the late stage of oilseed rape and early stage of safflower, the queen bee should be raised. If the queen is raised on March 1, the bees are divided on the 10th, and the queen at the 20th day before the end of the month, the queen can cross successfully and lay 2-3 spleens at the end of the month. During the recovery period, the bee colony should have more bees than spleens. If the honey circle is capped, a knife can be used to remove the wax cap for the bees to move and clean, so as to facilitate the queen bee's egg laying. When the edge of the circle is compressed by honey, it is advisable to pull out a small number of mature spleens and shake the edge of the honey in order to expand the area of the spleens. When the colony enters the proliferation period, high quality empty spleens without male hive should be added in time to make the colony reproduce rapidly. Inside the box (or at the door of the hive) and outside the box, a water feeder should be set up, and 0.5-1% salt should be added to the water for the bees to feed on. When the bee colony enters the safflower period, when there is a good source of honey outside, more new spleens should be made to replace the old and inferior hive out of the box, in order to issue the use of new queens and have enough empty spleens to store honey during the period of large honey flow. During the blooming period of safflower grass, the bee colony grows rapidly and enters the accumulation period of new bees, and the climate stabilizes, the production of royal jelly and honey should be grasped to avoid the phenomenon of bee splitting. When the new queen lays eggs in one spleen and capped, the mature capped spleen with young bees should be extracted from the strong colony and added to the new queen colony, so as to promote a large number of egg laying by the queen bee. 2. Management of the bee colony during the flowering period of Sapium sebiferum in summer: the flowering period of Sapium sebiferum is from the beginning of June to the first half of July: the honey flow period is from the middle of June to the end of June, about 20 to 25 days. At this time is the peak of summer, in addition to adding empty frame box, should also be grass or bark covered in the hive on the shade. Also, water can be sprayed on the hive or in front of the hive door to lower the temperature outside the hive. It is best to place the hive under a tree to reduce direct sunlight. In the apiary should also set up water basin, containing 0.5% salt water, for bees to feed. When Sapium sebiferum flows a lot of honey, a frame of bees can take 4-5kg of honey, up to 10kg, which should be shaken before 7 a.m. The bees should be able to take 4-5kg of honey, up to 10kg. In the middle of the honey flow, the bees should be out of proportion or slightly less than the spleen, and the excess nests in the swarm should be put forward. At the same time, from the small group, the capped old son of the spleen to subsidize the honey collection group, in order to enhance the bee colony; mountain Sapium sebiferum pollen less honey, late basically no pollen, in order to do a good job in the next nectar period of the collection of bee reproduction, should be supplemented with natural or artificial pollen, to promote the queen bee oviposition. After the big flow of nectar, when the honey intake into the box decreases, the bee colony should be moved to the place with powder source under the mountain for reproduction as early as possible. (F) the main honey period of autumn and winter swarm management 1. Autumn and winter buckwheat flowering swarm management: when the swarm into the mangrove site, to pay close attention to the treatment of mites. With 25% Marathon 1mL plus 2500ml of water, evenly sprayed on the bee body. 4 days to spray 1 time, sprayed 2 to 3 times in a row, can eliminate the mites. The mites can be eliminated by spraying 1 time in 4 days and 2 to 3 times in a row. 7 parts of sublimation sulfur plus 3 parts of naphthalene (sanitary ball) powder can also be used, mixing well and putting it into plastic bottles, with double gauze tied at the mouth of the bottles, squeezing the bottles when in use, so that the powder can be evenly sprayed on the bee body and the capped spleens, presenting a layer of white powder can be used. 10 days once per flower season to apply the medicine 1 to 2 times. If small bee mites are serious and there are more capped spleens, all capped spleens should be drawn out and smoked with sulfur for 3 to 5 minutes, and the spleens should be returned to the original box after 10 to 20 minutes of ventilation. Common honeybee diseases include potbelly disease (dysentery), black bee disease (paralysis), and American larval scurvy. Belly disease is mostly caused by indigestion or lack of timely excretion, and can be fed with yeast flakes, citric acid mixed with honey water. Black bee disease is mainly caused by low temperature, humidity, after the onset of available 200,000 units of gentamycin or neomycin syrup treatment, every second feeding, feeding 3 to 4 times in a row. American larval putrefaction, a dangerous disease of honeybee larvae, jeopardizes the bee colony. After the onset of the disease, sulfaseptazole sodium, tetracycline and hygromycin can be used to feed the bees alternately or mixed. Each piece of mixed dilute honey solution fed to the bees 16 frames, feeding 7 to 10 days in a row. Buckwheat nectar, pollen-rich, can be extracted before the big flow of honey, a part of the powder spleen storage, for the following spring reproduction. In the large flow of honey should be retained in the overwintering feed (2-3 capped mature honey spleen per box), while appropriately charging some commercial honey, so as not to produce honey compression of the sub-circle. Swarm into the buckwheat site, to quickly rectify the swarm, less than 5 frames of the swarm should be merged, too strong swarms to transfer some of the spleen into a small group, so that the swarms should not be too different from each other. The hive door should be narrowed and the bee path should be tightened to 9mm after the end of honey supply, which is good for heat preservation and prevention of bee theft. The worker bees that are feathered out at the end of fall, after excreting and flying, but not taking part in collecting activities, are the age-appropriate bees of VC. Cultivating ageable overwintering bees should be done before the frost, plus reward feeding to promote queen bee egg laying. feathering in mid-November, suitable for overwintering. With the end or reduction of nectar sources, there are frequent bee robbing activities, and the swarm should be inspected frequently. Bee sites should not be located in the wind, should not be too close to the buckwheat field, should be located in the wind, sunny, no livestock. In the absence of flowers to pick, bees will pick aphids discharged feces, after eating indigestion, bloating and death. Therefore, after the buckwheat harvest, there are pine trees in the vicinity of the area should not be parked bee boxes. At the same time, the queen bee must be controlled to lay eggs, so that it is stable and rest. Methods are: draw off the box powder spleen, put the swarm of bees in the shade, or seclusion of the queen bee. Wasps are very harmful to the bee colony, not only will they bite the bees to death, but also will gnaw the spleen, so they should be careful to extinguish them. 2. Management of wild osmanthus flower swarm in winter: there are many kinds of wild osmanthus flowers, and their blooming period is not consistent, and the early ones bloom in the second half of October. At this time, the temperature is high and stable, suitable for bee collection. Before using wild flowers to bloom, the bee colony should also be adjusted so that the bee colony is above 5 spleens. At the same time, old and weak queens should be eliminated, so that young and strong queens can lay eggs, and to avoid a colony with too many spleens not being able to collect fodder honey. Early wild cinnamon after the frost, before the winter flow of honey in large quantities, when the hive of stored honey reaches more than 80%, can be taken honey: but each box should be left in the first full of 1-2 sheets of bees, at the same time the box must be left 1 to 2 sheets of honey in the honey spleen in case of a sudden change in the climate later on, found that the lack of honey phenomenon. After the light snow, honey shaking should be more cautious. Shake the honey more carefully, do "less shake, many times", if there is no 3 days of continuous good weather, do not take honey. In the nectar-rich flowering period, we should cultivate new queens with strong physique in time to maintain the continuous development of the bee colony. Cultivating queens during the wild osmanthus period should be done around October 25th. New queens come out of the hive around the beginning of winter and cross during the period of large flow of honey, with a high success rate, and eggs can be laid in light snow. During this period, the honey is luxuriant, the old bad queen will be replaced by a new queen, and a batch of wintering age bees can be reproduced at the right time. There is a big difference in temperature between day and night in the wild osmanthus period, the bees are heated during the day to spread out the barn box, and they shrink into a ball at night, and this time, we need to strengthen the heat preservation. When the temperature rises during the day, if you see bees gathering at the door of the hive and fanning themselves, you should take out the heat preservation materials in time and return them to the box in the evening after it cools down. When the cold wave comes, the hive door should also be appropriately narrowed.