What are the ways of government financing?

What are the ways of government financing?

What is the main content of government financing? This kind of financing is mainly based on local governments to obtain funds for urban infrastructure construction. The specific performance is: (1) the equity income obtained by financial capital investment; (2) The financial investment of some urban infrastructure projects will drive the investment of foreign capital and private capital; (3) Domestic and foreign government bonds issued by the central government and lent by the central government; Loans from international and regional financial institutions such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank; (5) Loans lent by the central government to foreign governments; (6) Aid grants from foreign governments.

(2) Indirect financing. This kind of financing mainly obtains funds for the construction and transformation of urban infrastructure through intermediaries such as banks, insurance companies and investment companies. At present, local governments mainly adopt this way for large-scale financing. The concrete manifestations are as follows: (1) The government authorizes some state-owned investment companies engaged in urban infrastructure construction to lend money to banks and provide financial guarantees and interest subsidies; (2) The government authorizes enterprises to issue corporate bonds for local infrastructure construction, with financial guarantee and bond interest.

(3) Project financing. This kind of financing mainly uses various specific resources of the government to obtain funds by various market means for the construction and transformation of urban infrastructure in order to achieve the specific goals of the government. The concrete manifestations are as follows: (1) using the differential effect of land to obtain land transfer fees; (2) BOT mode, that is, enterprises build and operate special projects authorized by the government, and hand them over to the government when they expire; (3) TOT mode in which the government hands over the completed large-scale infrastructure projects to enterprises, and the enterprises hand over them to the government free of charge after operating for a period of time; (4) BOST mode, in which enterprises build special projects granted by the government, and financial subsidies are given and transferred to the government when they are due; (5) The government "bundles" profitable projects with business opportunities with non-profit public welfare projects, and enterprises develop and repay projects by themselves through interest comparison; (6) Some large state-owned companies are authorized by the government to implement financial leasing for special projects.

(4) Non-project financing. This kind of financing mainly uses asset action means to attract all kinds of social funds. The specific performance is as follows: (1) Raise funds from social investors through relevant investment trust companies, and the funds obtained will be used for urban infrastructure construction; (2) The way of packaging and listing some public utilities and raising funds from the capital market by these enterprises; (three) the construction and renovation funds of this project or other projects obtained by the government from the transfer of part of the equity of public utilities.

What are the ways of government financing?

What are the government financing channels? How does the government referendum company operate? 5 points, the first is debt financing,

The second is equity financing.

China's innovation in this respect is no less than that of foreign enterprises and institutions, but our institutional environment and related platforms make our enterprises not smooth in these aspects. For example, in North America or Europe, the banking system, other systems, related guarantee systems and other credit systems are very perfect. We find that many enterprises are engaged in portfolio loans and trade financing. A phenomenon unique to China and rarely seen in other countries exists literally abroad, such as foreign exchange supervision in China. Therefore, the phenomenon of public investment in China is worth pondering.

The third is industrial investment. It already exists in China, but most of the resources are in the hands of the government. Through recent contacts with the government, I also found that the overall situation of this investment is not very good. Of course, there are reasons from the government, and there are also problems of inadequate professionals.

4. Trade financing, trading friends are certainly no strangers, but the most important thing is that we have read a set of figures. In fact, the real financing behavior of trading enterprises in China accounts for 20% of the whole financing behavior, which shows that there is still a lot of room. We have to analyze whether it is a problem of banks or internal qualifications of enterprises, or a problem of our own thinking habits, or a problem of not knocking on the door.

5. Private equity funds are now open, and you may see a brand-new situation in March next year 1, which is why many investment companies are observing and turning recently. I believe that there must be great achievements in this respect.

6. Shares of partners or employees

With the transformation of three characteristics of technological innovation, that is, from single product innovation to series product innovation, from ability innovation to collective innovation; From one-time innovation to continuous innovation, it often needs a high-tech enterprise to start a business with others. In the initial stage of many enterprises, a considerable part of the funds are raised by a few or a dozen entrepreneurs.

Employee stock ownership is an effective financing method. But we should pay attention to the following two aspects:

Employee stock ownership is of little significance for a small company, because the amount of funds that the company can raise is directly proportional to the number of employees. Generally speaking, after the company has developed to a certain extent, expanded in scale and greatly strengthened in strength, the company can further grow rapidly. When a large amount of funds is needed for expansion, employee stock ownership can be considered as a financing method.

If the business situation of the enterprise is not good, it is generally not appropriate to implement the employee stock ownership plan. Because the employees of the enterprise know the enterprise very well, at this time, the implementation of the employee stock ownership plan can easily make them feel used or resisted, thus making the employee stock ownership plan difficult to succeed.

Of course, if the scale of the company develops to a certain extent, the company is in good operating condition, or even if the operating condition is not ideal, the managers and employees of the company will form a kind of knowledge about avoiding bankruptcy and unemployment of employees, hoping to tide over the difficulties in the same boat. Then adopting employee stock is a feasible financing channel.

7. Leasing is also a financing method.

For newly established enterprises, it is necessary to invest in fixed assets, especially high-tech enterprises. Fixed assets equipment is often expensive, and entrepreneurs often don't have enough money to buy fixed assets, so leasing is almost the only choice. Even in the case of abundant capital, for the sake of optimizing the financing structure, leasing may be adopted.

What are the correct answers to government financing methods? A Analysis: In BoT projects and PFI projects, the types of contracts signed by the government and the private sector are different. BOT project is a franchise contract, while PFI project is a service contract. PFI project contracts usually put forward special requirements for the management and maintenance of facilities.

What are the financing methods of enterprises?

1, endogenous financing and exogenous financing. This classification is based on whether the funds come from within the enterprise. The so-called endogenous financing refers to the financing that enterprises rely on their own internal accumulation, including three ways: funds and depreciation funds are converted into replacement investments, and retained earnings are converted into new investments.

Exogenous financing means that enterprises integrate funds from outside to invest in some way. Generally speaking, external financing is formed through financial media mechanism and realized in the form of direct financing and indirect financing.

2, short-term financing and long-term financing. This classification is based on the use and return cycle of funds. Short-term financing generally refers to the use and return of funds within one year, mainly to meet the liquidity needs of enterprises. Including commercial credit, short-term bank loans, bill discount, accounts receivable financing, operating lease, etc.

Long-term financing generally refers to the use and return of funds for more than one year, mainly to meet the needs of enterprises to purchase and build fixed assets and make long-term investments. Long-term financing methods mainly include: issuing stocks, bonds, long-term bank loans, financial leasing and so on.

3. Equity financing and debt financing. This classification is mainly based on whether the enterprise needs to return the funds after integration. Equity financing refers to the long-term ownership and independent allocation of enterprises without returning funds, such as issuing stocks to raise funds.

Creditor's rights financing means that the funds of an enterprise are obtained according to the agreed cost and use, and must be repaid on schedule, such as the funds obtained by an enterprise through bank loans.

4. Direct financing and indirect financing. This classification is mainly based on whether enterprises use the trading activities of financial intermediaries when financing. Direct financing means that an enterprise directly negotiates with a fund provider to borrow money or issue stocks and bonds for financing without going through the trading activities of financial intermediaries. In addition, government appropriation, occupation of other enterprises' funds, private lending and internal fund-raising all belong to the category of direct financing.

Indirect financing refers to the way in which enterprises indirectly raise funds from fund providers through financial intermediaries. Including bank lending, leasing of non-bank financial institutions, pawn, etc.

How do local governments raise funds Chapter I Scope of Public Finance

1. Economic functions of local governments

2. Local government investment management

3. Local government financing management

4. Construction of local financial environment

Chapter II General Situation of Investment and Financing of Public Projects in Developed Countries

1. Overview of public project investment and financing in the United States

2. Overview of investment and financing of public projects in France

3. Overview of investment and financing of public projects in Germany

4. Experiences and lessons of public project financing in developed countries

Chapter III Bank Loans

1. Domestic commercial bank loans

2. Policy bank loans

3. International bank loans Chapter IV syndicated loans

What are the financing methods? The first financing method is debt financing, including bank loans, bond issuance and entrusted loans, and the second is rights financing, including private placement and public offering. Private placement (PE) tends to bring benefits and potential in the near future, and public offering is listing.

The first element is to have enough room for development and give people enough room for imagination. Like Google.

Because if you want to use the internet, you have to use search, so you have Google.

The second element is to be in a leading position in this industry.

The third element is to have a good management team.

The fourth element is that it is best to have foreign successful samples as a reference.

With the rapid economic growth in China, there are more and more affluent middle class and young white-collar workers. When they have more spare money, they can spend it on traveling, but they can't stay in a very high-end five-star hotel. So budget hotels came into being, and listing can raise a lot of money.

There are two reasons for financing embarrassment: the first reason is that there is no real environment for creating credit funds, and the second reason is that there is no real financing channel.

Government financing is generally project financing. Project financing refers to special activities for projects that need large-scale funds. The difference from general financing lies in the credit status of the project sponsor, and the repayment ability is not important. The borrower takes the funds owned by the project itself and the income of the project itself as the source of repayment funds. The main advantage of project financing is to separate the loan risk from the borrower.

The main way of project financing is the credit loan with limited recourse or unlimited recourse. Limited recourse means that in order to reduce the loan risk, the lender requires the income of the loan project as the source of debt service. When the project loan cannot be completed or the operation fails, and the debt is paid off with the assets and income of the project itself, the lender has the right to recover from the guarantors, but the guarantors are only responsible for the project with their own guarantee amount or according to relevant agreements. The more apricots, the better the bandits. 16 disease /SPAN

Banks are willing to provide project loans because the interest rate of project loans is high, or they have government background, or the project cash flow is relatively stable.

Government public projects are divided into two categories. The first category is projects with high social benefits but low economic benefits, such as urban lighting projects; The second category is projects with both social and economic benefits, such as toll highways; If the government has money, it will do it itself, and if it has no money, it will attract external investors with the economic effect of the project. There are two financing methods for public projects:

The first financing method is "BOT". Private capital invests in public facilities through the contractual relationship with the government. After the project is completed, the government authorizes private investors to operate for a fixed period in the form of franchising, and then the investors hand over the ownership of all facilities to the government after receiving returns.

The second financing method is "construction transfer" (BT). Private capital investment, and then handed over to the government, the government slowly repaid through the budget, such as the Pacific construction in Nanjing.

BOT and BT are both ways of government financing, among which the government prefers BOT.

The project operation process is divided into four stages: in the first stage, the proposal is edited and suggestions are made on relevant terms, such as the duration fee and charging standard of the concession; The second stage is the highlight memorandum; The third stage is to sign an agreement; The fourth stage is to arrange investment for the project.

Financing mode of local government The government can transfer the land to subordinate investment, development and construction companies, which will use land mortgage to finance.

The government can also give policies and encourage enterprises to set up funds together, which is also a financing process.

The most direct way for the government is to attract investment, and investor investment is the process for the government to obtain funds.

The government can also tender municipal construction projects to enterprises. The process of enterprise bidding is firstly the process of government financing. Although this is to be posted later, it is after all.

The government can also directly launch * * * construction projects, giving expected benefits, enterprises can invest in groups, and the government can also obtain funds.

Wait, wait, wait.

What is the substantive difference between PPP model and traditional government financing model? PPP(Public-Private-Partnership) is a public-private partnership model, which is a project financing model in public infrastructure. Under this model, private enterprises and private capital are encouraged to cooperate with the government and participate in public infrastructure construction.

According to this broad concept, PPP refers to allowing resources held by the non-public sector to participate in the provision of public goods and services in the process of cooperation between the public sector and the private sector, so as to obtain more favorable results than when the partners act alone.

Compared with BOT, the main feature of narrow sense PPP is that the government is more involved in the construction, management and operation process in the middle and late stage of the project, and enterprises are more involved in the scientific research and project establishment in the early stage of the project. Both the government and enterprises participate in the whole process, and the cooperation time between the two sides is longer and the information is more symmetrical.

PPP is the abbreviation of public-private-partnership, which means that in the field of public * * * services, the government selects social capital with investment and operation management capabilities in a competitive way, and both parties enter into a contract according to the principle of equal consultation, and social capital provides public * * * services, and the government pays consideration to social capital according to the performance evaluation results of public * * * services.

PPP provides services in the form of market competition, mainly focusing on pure public and quasi-public fields. PPP is not only a means of financing, but also a system reform, involving administrative system reform, financial system reform and investment and financing system reform.

What are the financing channels for local governments? How to integrate with the Internet? Local government financing methods include financial allocation, local government bonds, state-owned enterprise reform, resources, debts, projects, ABS, private financing and so on. With the development of Internet finance, local government financing assets can also be easily understood by investors. For example, Anshun Municipal Government and Jinhui Finance jointly launched Anshun Internet Finance Platform.