Silkworm information, who knows!

① Insect name. Larvae can spin silk and form cocoons. There are silkworm, tussah and so on. Cocoon silk is an important fiber resource.

② Silkworm rearing.

③ sericulture; The work of raising silkworms.

④ Erosion.

(5) extended to the infringer.

The legend of the pioneers of Shu. See Silkworm Fu.

⑦ See "Silkworm".

Silkworm: An insect. When the larvae mature, they spin silk to make cocoons, where they become pupae, and pupae become silkworm moths. There are many kinds of silkworms, such as tussah and castor silkworm. Silk is the raw material for weaving silks and satins. China is the earliest sericulture country in the world.

Eating Mulberries: Silkworms eat mulberry leaves one by one. Metaphor of gradual occupation: nibbling policy; Eating away at neighboring countries.

example

Silkworm sound shape. Original meaning: an insect that can spin silk and cocoon.

Those who wear Luo Qi are not silkworm farmers. -Zhang Songyu's "Silkworm Girl"

Another example is the silkworm house. Silkworm house); Silkworm essence (silkworm god); Silkworms shed their skin (when they sleep)

Silkworm matter. Silkworm rearing

Luo Fu is good at raising silkworms. -"Yuefu Poetry Shang Mo Singing"

Another example is: silkworm farming (silkworm business); Silkworm mother (female official in charge of silkworm affairs in ancient times)

Silkworm ti m: n: silkworm. Another name for earthworm.

brief introduction

An insect of Bombycidae, native to China, is domesticated and raised indoors, so it is also called silkworm. Silkworm rearing and silk utilization is an important event in human life. It was recorded in China about 4,000 years ago, and at least 3,000 years ago, China began to raise silkworms artificially. In 55 1 year, two foreign monks brought cocoons to Europe. The moth body is of medium size, the male and female antennae are comb-toothed, and the male comb-toothed is slightly longer; The beak is degenerated, the lower lip must be short, there is no monocular, the body wings are grayish white, and the wing veins are grayish brown. When silkworms spin silk and form cocoons, their heads keep swinging, weaving silk into neat ∝-shaped circles. Move your position every time you weave more than 20 times (called a silk row), and then continue to spit and weave the silk row below. Weave one end first and then the other, so the cocoon of silkworm is always thick at both ends and thin in the middle. Every time a silkworm produces a cocoon, it needs to change its position 250-500 times to weave more than 60,000 splayed silk loops, with an average length of 0.92 cm, and the silk length of a cocoon can reach 700 ~ 1.500 m.. The secretion in the silk gland is completely exhausted and becomes a moth.

The most common silkworm, also known as silkworm, is one of the economic insects that cocoon on mulberry leaves. It belongs to Lepidoptera, Bombycidae. Silkworm originated in China, its development temperature is 7-40℃, and its rearing temperature is 20-30℃, which is mainly distributed in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions.

Silkworms have to go through eggs, ants, babies, cocoons and moths for more than forty days in their life.

The young silkworm just hatched from the egg is as black as an ant. We call it "ant silkworm". Its body is covered with fine hair, which will not be obvious in about two days. The ants will have an appetite about 40 minutes after hatching, and then start the feeding process.

Silkworm babies feed on mulberry leaves After eating mulberry leaves continuously, the body gradually turned white and began to peel after a period of time. When peeling, they don't eat or move for a day or so like sleeping. This is called "dormancy". Once skinned, it is the second instar larva. Even if they are skinned once, they will increase by one year, and * * * will have to be skinned four times to become fifth instar larvae.

It takes two days and two nights for a five-year-old larva to cocoon, and the longest cocoon silk can be pulled 1.5 km! After about ten days, it appeared in the form of a silkworm moth and emerged from the cocoon. After cocoon emergence, the female moth emits odor to lure the male moth to mate, and the male moth dies after mating. The female moth spent about one night laying about 500 eggs, and then died slowly.

Morphological and growth characteristics

Here is a brief introduction to the morphology of silkworm eggs, pupae and moths and the growth characteristics of silkworms.

Silkworm eggs: Silkworms reproduce with eggs. Silkworm eggs look like fine sesame seeds, about 1 mm wide and about 0.5 mm thick. A female moth can lay 400~500 silkworm eggs, 1700~2000 silkworm eggs, weighing about1g. The color of silkworm eggs, which is light yellow or yellow at first, changes to light red bean color and red bean color after 1~2 days, and turns to grayish green or purple after 3~4 days, which is called color fixing. The outer layer of silkworm eggs is a hard eggshell with yolk and serosa inside. Embryos in fertilized eggs constantly absorb nutrients during development and gradually develop into ant silkworms, which crawl out of the eggshell and turn white or light yellow after the eggshell is empty.

Ant silkworm: When the silkworm hatches from the silkworm eggs, its body color is brown or reddish brown, extremely small and hairy, and it looks a bit like an ant, so it is called ant silkworm. Ant silkworm is about 2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide. After it crawls out of the eggshell, it will eat mulberry leaves in 2-3 hours.

Silkworm babies sleep: Silkworm babies eat a lot of mulberries, so they grow fast and their body color gradually fades. However, its food intake gradually decreased, and even it was completely fasted. It spits out a small amount of silk, fixes its abdomen and feet on the silkworm seat, raises its head and chest, stops moving, and seems to be asleep, which is called "sleep". Sleeping silkworms, seemingly motionless in appearance, are preparing to shed their skin inside. After peeling off the old skin, the growth of silkworm has entered a new era, from ant silkworm to spinning cocoon and molting for four times. Sleepiness is one of the growth characteristics of silkworms, which is a genetic trait of silkworms and is also affected by the environment. At present, the silkworms bred in China are four dormant varieties.

Silkworm age: also known as age, refers to the fact that silkworm babies are at a certain stage of development. The first age is from the ant silkworm to the first molting; Enter the second age after sleeping; Enter the third age after molting again; After the third molting, it enters the fourth age, and the fourth molting is also called sleeping. After a deep sleep, they enter the fifth age. The fifth instar silkworm grows very fast, with a body length of 6-7 cm and a weight of 654.38+0.0000 times that of the ant silkworm.

Mature silkworm: By the end of the fifth instar, the silkworm baby gradually shows mature characteristics: first, the discharged feces change from hard to soft, from dark green to leaf green; Loss of appetite, decreased consumption of mulberry; The front digestive tract is empty and the chest is transparent; Then stop eating completely, the body drive is shortened, and the abdomen tends to be transparent. Silkworm's head and chest are raised, its mouth is full of silk, and it swings from side to side to find the breeding place of cocoon. Such silkworms are called mature silkworms.

Cocoon formation at the adult stage: People put mature silkworms in special containers or on cocoon traps, and silkworms will spin silk and form cocoons.

Cocoon formation can be divided into four processes: 1. Mature silkworms first spit out their own silk and stick it on the cocoon feeder, and then spit it out to connect the surrounding cocoons to form a cocoon forming bracket, that is, a cocoon forming net. The cocoon net has no cocoon shape, but some soft and messy cocoon silk layers as the support for cocoon formation. 2. After the silkworm forms a cocoon web, it constantly spits out messy silk loops, thickens the inner layer of the cocoon web, and then spins in an S-shape, and the outline of the cocoon begins to appear, which is called a cocoon clothing. The silk fibers in cocoon shell are thin and brittle, with extremely irregular arrangement and high sericin content. 3. After the cocoon layer is formed, the cocoon cavity gradually becomes smaller, and the front and rear ends of the silkworm body bend backward to form a "C" shape. Silkworms continue to spit out cocoon silk, and the way of spinning silk is transformed from s to infinity, and the process of cocoon formation begins. 4. When the silkworm's body is greatly reduced due to a large amount of spinning, the head and chest swing slowly without a certain rhythm, and the spinning begins to appear messy, forming a loose and soft cocoon silk layer called pupa lining.

Silkworm pupae: Silkworms will become pupae after 4 days of cocoon formation. Silkworm pupa is shaped like a rotating pestle, which is divided into three parts: chest and abdomen. The head is small, with compound eyes and tentacles; The chest has chest feet and wings; The bulging abdomen has nine nodes. Professional workers can distinguish men and women from the lines and brown spots on the abdomen of silkworm chrysalis. When the silkworm chrysalis is just pupated, its body color is light yellow, the pupa is tender and soft, and it will gradually turn yellow, brown or brown, and the pupa skin will become hard. After about 12 to 15 days, when the pupa body becomes soft again and the pupa skin is a little wrinkled and brown, it will become a moth.

Silkworm moth (adult): Silkworm moth is shaped like a butterfly and covered with white scales, but it has lost its ability to fly because of its small wings. The head of silkworm moth is spherical, with compound eyes and tentacles protruding; The chest has a pair of chest feet and two pairs of wings; There is no abdominal foot in the abdomen, and the terminal body segment has evolved into an external genitalia. Female moths are large and slow to crawl; Male moths are small, crawling fast, and their wings vibrate fast, looking for a mate. Generally, after mating for 3 to 4 hours, the female moth can give birth to fertilized eggs. After mating, the male moth dies, and the female moth can lay about 500 eggs a night, and then slowly die.

The egg laid by silkworm moth → hatching silkworm → pupation → moth transformation completes the new generation cycle. This is the life history of silkworms.

Silkworm variety

First, silkworms

Also known as silkworm, it is one of the economic insects that feed on mulberry leaves and spin cocoons. It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA and Bombyx mori. Silkworm originated in China, its development temperature is 7-40℃, and its rearing temperature is 20-30℃, which is mainly distributed in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions.

Silkworm is an oligophagous insect. It likes to eat not only mulberry leaves, but also mulberry leaves, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, elm leaves, duck onion leaves, dandelion leaves and lettuce leaves. Mulberry leaves are the most suitable natural food for silkworms. Silkworm is a completely abnormal insect, which has to go through four completely different stages of development: egg, larva, pupa and adult. It takes 22-26 days from hatching to spinning and cocoon formation in larval stage. A silkworm eats about 200-25 grams of mulberry leaves in its lifetime. Generally, after four times of sleep and molting, its weight increases by about 654.38+0.0000 times during extreme growth. The consumption of mulberry leaves in the last stage accounts for more than 85% of the total consumption of mulberry leaves. Silkworm cocoons can be reeled. Silk is an excellent textile fiber and a raw material for making silks and satins. Silkworm pupa is edible. Silkworm moth and silkworm excrement are comprehensively utilized and are raw materials for many chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Silkworm excrement pillow has the effects of expelling wind and removing dampness, strengthening brain and improving eyesight.

Second, tussah

Silk-spinning insects that feed on oak leaves. It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA, Bombycidae, and its scientific name is Tussah. Originated in China, the development temperature is 8-30℃, the optimum development temperature is 1 1-25℃, and the optimum temperature is 22-24℃. Mainly distributed in China. It is also distributed in North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Ukraine, India and Japan.

Tussah feeds on leaves of Quercus plants in FAGACEAE, such as Quercus acutissima and Quercus mongolica. You can also eat the leaves of Artemisia, hawthorn, chestnut, maple, pear, apple and other plants. Tussah is a completely metamorphosed insect, which has to go through four stages of development with completely different morphology and physiological functions: egg, larva, pupa and adult. After four times of sleep and molting. Every molting is 1 time, increasing by 1 year. It takes about 50 days for a silkworm to mature and cocoon from hatching to 5th instar. Spring silkworms eat about 30-35g leaves all their lives, and 50-58g leaves in autumn. Among them, the big gnawing leaves account for more than 80% of the total leaf consumption. The weight of spring silkworm is 14g, and that of autumn silkworm is about 21g. When it grows to the extreme, the weight of wild silkworm is about 2000-3000 times higher than that of ant wild silkworm. Tussah cocoon can be reeled, tussah silk is the raw material of tussah silk, tussah pupa is edible, and it is the raw material of chemical industry, medicine and food industry together with silkworm moth. Eggs are good intermediate hosts for biological control of Trichogramma.

Third, castor silkworm

An economic insect that feeds on the leaves of castor silkworm and cocoons. It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA, Bombycidae, and its scientific name is Philosamia Cynthia Ricini Bois Duval. Ricinus communis originated in Assam, northeastern India, and was introduced from India in the18th century. It was introduced and raised in China, the United States, Sri Lanka, Malta, Italy, the Philippines, Egypt, Japan, North Korea and other countries. The first generation of castor silkworm goes through four development stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The egg stage is about 10d, the larvae sleep for 20 days, the pupa stage is about 20d, and the first generation is about 45-50d. It is difficult to hatch when the egg period is below 16.5℃ or above 32℃, and the suitable temperature is about 25℃. The suitable temperature for feeding in larval stage is about 24℃. The protection temperature of pupa is about 25℃ and the relative humidity is 75%-90%. Grow to the extreme, weighing about 7g, about 5400 times higher than ant silkworm.

Ricinus communis cocoon can't be reeled, but can be used as raw material to spin Ricinus communis silk. Also, castor blended spun silk is blended with silkworm waste silk, tussah waste silk, ramie and chemical fiber.

Four, cassava silkworm

When castor silkworm feeds on cassava, it is commonly called cassava silkworm in production. It's actually castor silkworm. 1956 In Cenxi County, Guangxi Province, cassava leaves were successfully planted to raise castor silkworm, and then it was extended to neighboring counties, and now it is called cassava silkworm. Guangdong and Fujian have also been raised. Its habits and characteristics are the same as those of castor silkworm.

Five, horse silkworm

When castor silkworm feeds on mulberry leaves, it is commonly known as silkworm in production. During the period of 1965, the sericulture experimental station of Tu and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province successfully used wild mulberry leaves to raise castor silkworm. Because it's called horse silkworm. Compared with the rearing of castor leaves, the silkworm reared with silkworm develops slowly, and will grow for 2-4 days at the whole age, but the cocoon layer weight is the same, which can reach 0.34-0.42g g. It is also reared in Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi and other provinces. Its habits and characteristics are the same as those of castor silkworm.

Six, Huili silkworm

Namely castor silkworm. It is the transliteration name of castor silkworm. The origin of Ricinus communis is Arrom in the northeast of India, which is called the Ricinus communis Delta by local people. The Japanese transliteration of eri-silk is Huili. When castor was introduced into China, it was also called "Huili Silkworm". Because it means "Huili", it is affordable, profitable and easy to popularize. At that time, some people in China translated eri-silkworm into "Erie silkworm" and "Ili silkworm".

Seven, wild silkworm

One of the economic insects that cocoon by feeding on the leaves of tussah plants in FAGACEAE, such as Tussah from Liaodong, Tussah from Mongolia, Tussah from Tientree and Tussah from Pointed Angle. It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA, Bombycidae, and is also a famous silkworm. Its scientific name is Antheraea Yamamaiguren-Meneville, which is mainly distributed in China, North Korea, South Korea and Japan. The wild silkworm is a completely metamorphosed insect, and its egg period is about 270 days. It takes about 50-60 days from hatching to cocoon formation, 7-8 days from cocoon formation to pupation, and 20-30 days from pupation to emergence. The optimum temperature of warm eggs is 65438 08℃, and the relative humidity is 75%-85%. The optimum temperature for eclosion is 22-26℃. To the extreme growth, the weight of 17-20g is about 4000 times higher than that of ant silkworm.

The color of natural cocoon is green, which can be reeled, and the silk is beautiful and soft, which can keep natural green without dyeing and has a unique luster. Woven silk is gorgeous and beautiful, and it is a high-grade silk fabric.

Eight, amber silkworm

An economic insect that spins cocoons and feeds on nanmu leaves, also known as Assam or Jiamu silkworm. Lepidoptera, Bombycidae, the scientific name of wild silkworm. "Hey? Bucket (4)? What happened to vanadium? Thorium decorated with dew? 4-25℃, relative humidity 75%-80%, temperature over 35℃, relative humidity below 65%, larvae are difficult to survive. Amber silkworms can eat the leaves of several plants, mainly nanmu leaves, leaves of evergreen plants such as Rubiaceae and tiger thorns, and leaves of plants such as Michelia and Cinnamomum cassia. It is multi-chemical and can be harvested 4-5 times a year. Generally, it takes 25-35 days from hatching to cocoon formation, 2-3 days for cocoon formation, 3-4 days for spawning, 7-8 days in summer and 14- 15 days in winter.

Cocoons are golden yellow and can be reeled. Silk is tough and has amber luster, so it is called "amber silkworm", and its fabric is used to make expensive clothes.

Nine, camphor silkworm

An economic insect that cocoons and feeds on camphor leaves. Also known as wild silkworm, maple silkworm, silkworm fishing and so on. It belongs to Lepidoptera, Bombycidae, and its scientific name is eriogyna (Saturn ia) pyretoum Westwood. Cinnamomum camphora mainly eats camphor leaves with good silk quality. Other moths eat the leaves of maple leaf, willow leaf, wild rose, pear, pomegranate, purple shell tree and Ke, but their silk quality is poor. The main areas are China, Viet Nam, Indian and other countries, and the largest output is Hainan Island in China. Silkworm of Cinnamomum camphora produces one generation a year and diapauses in pupa state. The optimum temperature for adult emergence is 16- 17℃. Silkworm Cinnamomum camphora * * * experienced 8 instars, and the total age was about 80 days. At maturity, the weight of female silkworm is 16g, and that of male silkworm is 10g. Silkworm breeders generally don't allow them to cocoon. Instead, when they mature, they first soak the mature silkworms in water, then tear their belly between the second and third abdominal legs with their hands, take out two silk glands and soak them in glacial acetic acid (concentration 2.5%), and then spin them after 5-7 minutes, which can be stretched to about 200cm. It is smooth and transparent after washing, tough and waterproof, and transparent in water. It is the best Diaoyutai. About 1000 tablets can be stretched to 500g, which can be refined into high-quality suture for surgery. Silkworm cocoons of camphor trees can also be reeled, but the quantity is very small. Only China produces camphor silk in the world.

Ten, chestnut silkworm

An economic insect that spins silk and forms cocoons and mainly feeds on walnut leaves and chestnut leaves. It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA, Bombycidae, and its scientific name is Dicty-opoea japonica Moore, which is distributed in China, Japan and other places. Mainly eat leaves such as walnuts, chestnuts, apricots, Pterocarya stenoptera, sweet potato, sweet potato, camphor tree and elm tree. Cocoons that eat walnut leaves are heavy and thick, and those that eat jackgrass and chestnut leaves are even worse. In Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Jiangxi, Guangxi and other provinces, one generation is completed every year and overwinters with eggs. In some wild situations, larvae hatch in late May, sleep for 4 or 5 hours, mature in late June, and mature into cocoons in about 50 days. Cocoons are lantern-shaped, with different mesh sizes. It takes about 2 days to cocoon and pupate after 3-5 days. Cocoons can be reeled and used as raw materials for silk spinning, and the quality of silk is excellent. Chestnut silkworms can also take silk glands out of the belly of mature silkworms, soak them in acid and stretch them into fisherman's silk or medical silk.

Xi。 silkworm

The staple food is Ailanthus altissima (Ailanthus altissima), which is also an economic insect that spins cocoons, such as tallow, castor, holly, Michelia, paulownia, Indus, camphor leaves and so on. It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA, Bombycidae, and its scientific name is Philo samia cyntia Walker et Fdlker. Also known as Toona sinensis and tallow. Distributed in China, Japanese and Indian countries. China is distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other provinces. There are 1 chemistry, 2 chemistry and even 4 chemistry. Cold region 1, Taiwan Province Province 4. Silkworm stage is 30-40d. Mature silkworms pick 2-3 leaves and spin cocoons. Cocoon is grayish brown, spindle-shaped, with a hole at the top and a slender cocoon handle. Cocoon weight is about 3g, cocoon layer weight is about 0.3g, and cocoon layer rate is 10%- 12%. Soil silk is generally used in rural areas, and the woven silk is called Toona sinensis silk.