Catalan history

Introduction to the Region1979 65438+February 18 passed an autonomous decree and became an autonomous region. The area is about 3 1.93 million square kilometers, and the population is about 60993 19. From 13 to 14, it ranks first in western Mediterranean trade. It is the richest and most industrialized region in Spain. Barcelona, the capital.

Catalonia was once a principality of Aragon and played an important role in the history of Iberian Peninsula. Since17th century, it has been the center of independents.

Catalonia was the first region occupied by the Roman Empire in Spain. It was occupied by the Goths in the 5th century (AD 409), by the Moors (Arabs) in 7 12, and incorporated into the Spanish kingdom by Charlemagne at the end of the 8th century, under the jurisdiction of the Earl. However, the Franks' suzerainty over Catalonia was only nominal, and the rule of Count borell was strongly resisted.

In 1 137, Bameng. Bellengier IV of Barcelona was engaged to Petroni La, the queen of Aragon, and Catalonia and Aragon were unified. 13 and14th century Catalan ridge

Cut off the maritime trade in the western Mediterranean. 14 10 years ago, the interests of Catalonia prevailed in the kingdom, but in 14 10, the royal family of Catalonia lost its heir. After 14 12, Catalonia's dissatisfaction with Aragon Novo Trastamara began to increase, which reached its climax during the reign of John II, but the rebellion failed (1462–1472).

After John II's son Ferdinand married Queen Isabel of Castile (1469), Spain was unified, and Catalonia's position in Spain fell to the second place. Although the autonomous government was maintained, the conflict of interests with castel before17th century and the decline of the reputation of the Spanish monarchy led to the first climax of the Catalan separatist movement. Catalonia hated Spanish rule in 1640 and claimed to be protected by Louis XIV of France, but the rebellion was suppressed in 1650. In the Spanish war of succession to the throne, Catalonia announced its support for Archduke Charles of Austria and boycotted the participation of France and Bourbon. However, in 17 14, it was completely conquered by the forces of Bourbon Philip V, and the Catalan Constitution and autonomy were abolished.

Catalan separatism reappeared in the support for Carlos in the19th century. In order to awaken national consciousness, Catalan has been used in news media and theaters since 1850. After the failure of Carlos 1876, Catalan nationalism became a greater force supporting Catalan autonomy. Catalonia won a small autonomy with 19 13, but it was abolished by Rivera in 1925. He cracked down on all Catalan separatist movements. Rivera's policies led to the formation of the Catalan Left Alliance Party (Esquerra Republicana). Escuela won the 193 1 municipal election, and two days later its leader declared Catalonia independent. Finally, a compromise was reached with the central authorities, and the autonomy decree was passed in September 1932. Catalonia played an important role during the civil war between the Spanish Republic and Spain (1936–39). However, the victory of nationalists in 1939 meant the failure of autonomy, and the Francisco Franco government adopted tyranny to suppress Catalan nationalism.

After Franco's death, Spain's democratic construction did not reduce Catalonia's desire for autonomy, and limited autonomy was adopted in September 1977. 1979 adopts full autonomy. The government established in 1979 includes the government of the autonomous region (the executive committee led by the president) and the unicameral parliament.

Historical Legend Catalan Legend: There is a dragon on the mountain in Babela, Cancade, Tarrago Province, which eats people and animals. For peace, people sacrifice a victim every year. One day, this misfortune befell the king's daughter. At this moment, the handsome knight George appeared. He went up the mountain to fight the dragon. On April 23, he finally killed the dragon and saved the princess ... People named this day St. George's Day. Since15th century, Catalans will send roses to their lovers when celebrating this day.

Geographical location Catalonia Autonomous Region is a triangle in the northeast of Spain, bordering France and Andorra in the north, Aragon in the west, Valencia in the south and the Mediterranean Sea in the east. Catalonia is separated from France by the Pyrenees, and the pre-Pyrenees and Ebro river basins in the west are the dividing lines with Aragon. The Hebraud basin in the southwest separates Valencia province.

Tarrago, Barcelona and Gerona all have Mediterranean coastlines, surrounded by Catalan hills and coastal plains. Historically, Catalonia hills have been separated from agricultural areas and coastal industrial towns in the hinterland of the peninsula. The northern part of the Catalan hills is a platform, including most of the province of Lerida. The main rivers in Catalonia are Llobrégat and Ebro, both of which flow into the Mediterranean Sea. Most of Catalonia belongs to the Mediterranean climate, that is, hot and dry in summer and mild and relatively humid in winter.

The concentration of industry in Catalonia coastal towns is the result of the concentration of population along the Mediterranean coast, and the population in the mainland is gradually decreasing. In the 20th century, the population of Barcelona and its satellite cities increased greatly.

Traditional agriculture in Catalonia produces potatoes, corn, wine, almonds and olive oil for export. More than one-third of Catalonia's land is not cultivated, and traditional crops such as olives and grapes are being squeezed out by fruits and vegetables produced for urban consumption. However, agricultural output accounts for only one tenth of Catalonia's GDP.

Catalonia's textile industry first developed between 1283 and 13 13, and has always been the primary industry in this region. Barcelona, Sabadel and Tarrasa are textile centers. Since 1950, the industrial sector has experienced rapid expansion and diversification, and the metallurgical, food processing and chemical industries are steadily catching up with the textile industry. Textile, paper-making and printing arts, chemical industry and metallurgical industry are all concentrated in Barcelona. A factory in this city produces most cars in Spain. The increasing demand for petroleum products in Catalonia has led to the increasing number of oil refineries in Barcelona. The service industry, especially tourism and transportation, is developing at a high speed. The population is 6.09 million 93 19 (Barcelona 1.5 million 345 1).

On June 7, 2006, Catalonia held a referendum on expanding local autonomy, and the result was 73.9%. The local population accounts for about one-tenth of Spain's total, but it contributes more than 20% of the total tax revenue, thus creating a local independent mood.

Human conditions Since the 3rd century, the Russian grasslands on the northern shore of the Black Sea have been occupied by sarmat people, who belong to the Central Asian Aryans like the Sketais (Central Asian Serbs). Among them, there are Arans who are nomadic on the grasslands of Terek, and their nomadic range has been as far as Kuban; Since 62 AD, roxanne people have lived in the west bank of the lower reaches of the Don River. Since 50 AD, Yazki people have occupied central Hungary. From 200 years ago, basta Ernie, an East Germanic, came to the Transnistrian River along the northern slope of Carpathian Mountain, separating sarmat from the Roman Empire. This migration represents the first "eastward oppression" of the Germans. In the past 200 years, the neo-Germanic invasion from the lower reaches of the Vistula River (that is, the Goth invasion originating in Sweden) threatened the rights of the Russian people in the grasslands of southern sarmat; In 230, the Goths reached the limit of their migration and attacked the Roman imperial city of Olbia in the Black Sea. At that time, South Russia was divided between the Goths west of the lower Dnieper River and the sarmat people east of the river.

Crimea is a Greek country belonging to the Roman emperor. Goths are divided into ostrogoths (between the lower reaches of the Don River and the Transnistrian River) and Visigoths (between the lower reaches of the Transnistrian River and the Danube River); Jibedayi, the third Gothic tribe, has occupied its land since the Roman emperor withdrew from Dasia (now Romania) in 270. In the north, the Finnish-Ugric people live in the forests of eastern and central Russia. In 374, under the leadership of Khan and Balamir, the descendants of Xiongnu crossed the lower reaches of Volga River and Dun River, and defeated and surrendered the Alans at the northern foot of Caucasus Mountains. The subsequent attack on ostrogoths, west of the Dnieper River, led to the disappointment of Helmand Nahr, the king of the Eastern Goth, who committed suicide, and the successor of the Eastern Goth, Weizemir, was also killed. Visigoths escaped the Hungarian invasion and crossed the Danube into the Roman Empire. The Arameans were forced to succumb to Hungarian rule and stayed there. Alans converted to the Orthodox Church in the 10 century, and they are the ancestors of today's Ossetians. Other Arameans began to migrate westward and joined the invasion of the West Germanic people. Some tribes later settled in Gaul in the lower reaches of the Loire River, while others entered Spain and mixed with the Sulvi or Visigoths in Galicia, Spain, forming a mixed race. This hybrid has a Catalan (Goth-Alain).

Briefly introduce the important artistic heritage of Catalonia, most of which originated in the Middle Ages. Romanesque art developed with the establishment and development of Catalonia and the formation of Catalan language, and was strongly influenced by Lombardy style. Lombardy art originated in the Pyrenees Valley. Catalonia still has more than 2,000 Lombardy-style buildings. Among them, the Roman church in Boyi Valley is the most famous, and it has been listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO, Saint Pierre de Rhodes Monastery and Suder Cathedral. However, the most symbolic and unforgettable are the pictures and sculptures collected by the Museum of Catalonia (MNOC). The Catalan Museum is one of the most important museums in the world, and it is also one of the most important museums in the parish, with a collection of Roman art and Gothic art..

Inland beauty Although the inland area of Catalonia is greatly influenced by human activities, it also has rich natural heritage, and it is a city with a long history, culture and trade tradition. A series of regional differences have formed unique tourist attractions: Ebro River region, Verdren, the surrounding areas of Leda, and central Catalonia. In the mainland, local people have been engaged in agricultural labor and farm buildings for a long time, which has also formed a characteristic landscape.