The development course of centralization

The Warring States period was initially formed: Han Feizi, a representative of Legalism, put forward the idea of establishing a monarchy-centralized country; Shang Yang's political reform established the county system and initially established the political system of centralized monarchy.

The Qin Dynasty was formally established: after Qin Shihuang unified China, autocratic centralization was formally established: the supreme ruler was called the emperor, who was in charge of the national military and political power; The central government has A Qiu, the Prime Minister, and Gu Consultant, who are in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision. The county system is implemented locally.

Consolidation of the Western Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty solved the problem of the kingdom and implemented "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which laid the theoretical foundation for the autocratic and centralized political system.

Perfection in Sui and Tang Dynasties: The establishment of the imperial examination system is conducive to selecting talents, improving administrative efficiency, expanding the ruling foundation, and further improving autocratic centralization.

Strengthening of the Northern Song Dynasty: In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, "relieving soldiers with a glass of wine" solved the problem of military power; Put local political power, financial power and military power under the central government. Centralization was further strengthened.

The new development of the Yuan Dynasty: In order to strengthen feudal rule and jurisdiction over vast territory, the provincial system was established in the central government and implemented locally. This is a new measure to strengthen centralization.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties reached its peak (decline): in the Ming Dynasty, the central government abolished the prime minister and its power was divided into six parts; The local government abolished the province and set up three divisions; Establish a specialized agency for factory hygiene; Implement stereotyped writing to take scholars. The Qing dynasty followed the Ming system, set up a military department and set up a literary prison in Daxing. Authoritarianism has achieved centralization.

Peak.

Evaluation:

(1) dual function. Positive effects: ① It is conducive to the establishment, consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic feudal country and to safeguarding the unity and territorial integrity of the motherland. For example, the Qin Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty maintained national unity. ② It can effectively organize manpower, material resources and financial resources to engage in large-scale production activities and economic construction, which is conducive to social and economic development. For example, the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall and the Sui Dynasty dug the Grand Canal. (3) In a unified environment, it is conducive to the integration of all ethnic groups and economic and cultural exchanges across the country. Such as the national integration of the Yuan Dynasty. Negative effects: ① autocracy is easy to form tyranny and corruption, which is a factor that hinders historical development. Such as the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. (2) Ideologically, it is exclusive, stifling thoughts and binding culture. For example, the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" and the Qing Dynasty "literary inquisition". (3) At the end of feudal society, it hindered the budding development of emerging capitalist relations of production. For example, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

A Summary of Authoritarianism in Concentration of Power (Answer)

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