Philosophy and life: What knowledge points do dialectical materialism, materialist dialectics and historical materialism contain?

Every part of philosophy involves three concepts.

Dialectical Materialism: Matter, Consciousness and Law

Dialectical epistemology: practice, cognition and truth

Materialist dialectics: view of connection, view of development and view of contradiction.

Historical materialism: historical view, mass view and values

The core knowledge of philosophy of life, an ideological and political discipline.

(A) dialectical materialism

Material determines consciousness, and everything starts from reality and seeks truth from facts.

② Consciousness has a dynamic response to the transformation of the objective world. Correct consciousness promotes the development of things, while wrong consciousness hinders the development of things. We should establish correct ideology and overcome wrong ideology.

③ Conscious activities are purposeful, planned, positive, creative, conscious and selective; Human consciousness plays a guiding role in transforming the objective world. (that is, the correct consciousness promotes the development of things, and the wrong consciousness hinders the development of things; ); Consciousness can regulate people's physiological activities. (Psychological and mental state)

The law exists objectively, so we should respect the law, seek truth from facts and act according to law; People are not powerless before the law. On the basis of understanding and grasping the law, people can use the law to transform the world and benefit mankind according to the conditions and forms in which the law plays its role. Exerting subjective initiative should be combined with respecting objective laws (or: exerting subjective initiative on the basis of respecting objective laws).

(B) materialist dialectics

Two commonalities: the viewpoint of connection and the viewpoint of development? Essence and core: contradictory views

1. Contact viewpoint

(1) The meaning of connection (dealing with the relationship between things, links and parts)

② Contact is universal and objective, so we should look at the problem from the perspective of contact. You can't split the connection between things, and you can't make false connections subjectively. People can establish new concrete connections (bridges, roads, networks, trade, etc.). ) according to the internal connection of things; Contact is conditional and diverse. We should analyze the conditions (or actively create conditions) and grasp the connection of things.

(3) The whole is in a dominant position, leading the local, and it is necessary to establish a global concept, base itself on the whole and make overall plans; The whole is made up of parts, some of which affect the whole (the key parts play a decisive role in the change of the overall performance state), so we should do a good job of parts and promote the development of the whole.

(4) The relationship between system and elements requires mastering the method of system optimization, making overall plans and optimizing the combination. (Example: Optimizing the Economic Structure)

2. Development perspective

Everything is changing and developing, so we should look at the problem from a developmental perspective, not from the same perspective.

(2) The essence of development is progress and rise, the emergence of new things and the demise of old things. We should be innovative and promote the growth of new things.

The development of things is the unity of progress and stumbling. We should believe that the future is bright, and at the same time be prepared to overcome the difficulties and setbacks on the road ahead.

④ Quantitative change is the premise and necessary preparation for qualitative change, and qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change, so we should pay attention to the accumulation of quantity.

3. Contradictory views

(1) Contradictions are unity of opposites, so we should adhere to the method of "one divides into two" and look at the problem comprehensively.

② Contradictory parties can transform each other under certain conditions. (Example: In times of peace, extremes meet. )

(3) The contradiction is special and needs specific analysis. (Oppose "one size fits all")

Understanding: Specific analysis of specific problems refers to the specific analysis of the particularity of contradictions under the guidance of the principle of universality of contradictions, and find out the correct methods to solve contradictions. That is, different solutions are adopted according to different situations and problems.

Refers to contradictory things, each side has its own characteristics. Is that different things have different contradictions. The same thing has different contradictions in different processes and development stages. Many contradictions and the same contradiction in complex things have their particularity.

The reason why we insist on concrete analysis of specific problems is that concrete analysis of specific problems is an important principle of Marxism and the living soul of Marxism. The concrete analysis of specific problems is the basis for us to correctly understand things; The concrete analysis of specific problems is the key for us to solve contradictions correctly.

④ Adhere to the dialectical unity of universality and particularity of contradictions. (On the Essence of Contradictory Problems)

⑤ The principal contradiction is dominant and decisive in the development of things, so we should be good at grasping the key points and concentrate on solving the principal contradiction; The principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction depend on each other and influence each other, and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. We should learn to make overall plans and properly handle minor contradictions. (The common words that embody the main contradictions are: key, center, key, top priority, core, main line, key ...

The nature of things is determined by the main aspects of the main contradiction. It is necessary to distinguish the mainstream from the tributaries and grasp the essence of things; Secondary aspects will also affect the essence of things, and tributaries can not be ignored. (Common words that embody the main aspects of contradiction are: mainstream, direction, nature or essence, subject, advantages and disadvantages, overall (look), general trend, trend, etc. (focus on the problem)

⑦ Dialectical negation requires us to have revolutionary critical spirit, establish innovative consciousness, base ourselves on practice, emancipate our minds and keep pace with the times.

⑤ Adhere to the unity of two-point theory and key theory.

(C) Dialectical epistemology

1. Practice determines cognition, and practice is the basis of cognition.

Practice is the source of knowledge. Practice is the driving force of cognitive development. Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth. Practice is the purpose and destination of cognition.

Methodology requires us to know and discover truth in practice, and to test and develop truth in practice.

Note: Understand and illustrate that practice is the source, motivation, foundation and purpose of cognition.

2. Cognition is counterproductive to practice, and scientific theory has a great guiding role in practice.

3. Truth is objective, people have only one understanding of the truth of the established object, and everyone is equal before the truth; Truth is concrete and conditional. For a specific process, condition and scope, truth is truth, otherwise truth will become fallacy.

4. People's knowledge is repetitive, infinite and rising. We should know and discover truth in practice, and test and develop truth in practice.

Supplement: (Note: generally not used from a philosophical point of view) The social function of innovation: ① Innovation promotes the development of social productive forces; ② Innovation promotes the change of production relations and social system; ③ Innovation promotes the development of human thinking and culture; (4) Innovation is the soul of national progress, the inexhaustible motive force of national prosperity and the source of a political party's eternal vitality. Innovation is the engine of the times and the driving force of social development.

Attention: the philosophical basis of establishing innovative consciousness

Materialistic basis: innovative consciousness is the expression of people's subjective initiative, which embodies the unity of respecting objective laws and exerting subjective initiative.

Dialectical basis: innovation consciousness embodies the concept of development, so we should keep pace with the times and innovate constantly; It shows that the essence of dialectical negation is "sublation", and it is necessary to establish innovative consciousness and revolutionary critical spirit.

Epistemological basis: Innovative consciousness embodies the repetitiveness, infinity and rising of knowledge, and human understanding is constantly deepening, expanding and advancing.

historical materialism

1. The principle of dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness

(1) Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness changes and develops with the change and development of social existence.

(2) Social consciousness is relatively independent and plays a dynamic role in social existence. Backward social consciousness hinders social development, while advanced social consciousness plays a positive role in promoting social development.

Attention: Pay attention to the differences between matter and consciousness, practice and cognition, social existence and social consciousness. And can use social existence and social consciousness to analyze social phenomena such as the emergence of network nouns, the importance of inheriting and carrying forward traditional virtues.

2. Social basic contradiction movement (two basic contradictions and two basic laws)

(1) The interaction between productive forces and relations of production and their contradictory movements: In the mode of production, productive forces are the most revolutionary and active factor. The status of productive forces determines the nature of production relations, and the change and development of productive forces will lead to the change of production relations sooner or later. The relations of production are counterproductive to productivity. When the relations of production are suitable for the development of productive forces, it promotes the development of productive forces; When the relations of production do not adapt to the development of productive forces, it hinders the development of productive forces. This is the law that the relations of production must adapt to the productive forces and is one of the basic laws of the development of human society.

② The interaction between economic base and superstructure and their contradictory movements.

The economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure reacts on the economic base. When the superstructure adapts to the economic base, it will promote the consolidation and improvement of the economic base; When it is not suitable for the economic base, it will hinder the development and reform of the economic base. This is the law that the superstructure must adapt to the economic base, and it is also the second basic law of the development of human society.

3. People are the subject of practice and the creator of history: people are the creators of social material wealth and spiritual wealth and the decisive force of social change. It is necessary to establish the mass viewpoint and adhere to the mass line.

Note: It can be illustrated by concrete examples, such as people-oriented and attaching importance to people's livelihood.

(1) Adhere to the views of the masses

The basic content of the mass viewpoint: believe that the masses liberate themselves, serve the people wholeheartedly, be responsible for everything, and learn from the masses with an open mind.

(2) Requirements of the mass viewpoint: Insist on building the party for the public and governing for the people; Power is used by the people, affection is related to the people, and benefit is sought by the people; Realizing, safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people is the fundamental starting point of all our work.

(2) Adhere to the mass line

The basic content of the mass line: everything is for the masses, everything depends on the masses, from the masses to the masses.

② The position of the mass line: it is the fundamental leadership method and working method of the proletarian party.

The practical significance of adhering to the mass viewpoint and mass line is an important guarantee for our party to lead the people to win the revolution and for the success of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's construction.

The value of life lies in creating value and in the responsibility and contribution to society.

5. Values have a great reaction to social existence and play an important role in driving, restricting and guiding human behavior. Values play an important guiding role in people's activities to understand and transform the world and the choice of life path. It is necessary to establish correct values and make correct value judgments and value choices.

Note: The influence of low-carbon concept on economy and people's life can be analyzed by combining principles.

6. To establish correct values and make correct value judgments and value choices, we must: (1) adhere to the truth and follow the objective laws of social development; (2) consciously stand on the position of the overwhelming majority of the people and regard the interests of the people as the highest value standard.

Supplementary understanding: (1) Reasons for value conflict: People's social status and needs are different, so their value judgments and value choices are also different. People have different views on things, and their evaluation of their value will be different. People from different positions will have different values and make different value judgments and choices.

(2) Evaluation criteria: consciously stand in the position of the overwhelming majority of the people and regard the interests of the people as the highest value standard.

(3) Correctly handle the relationship between personal interests, others' interests and collective interests.

(1) to deal with all kinds of interests, the most important thing is to consider and satisfy the interests of the most people first;

(2) When personal interests conflict with the interests of the masses, we should consciously make choices from the standpoint of the masses; When personal interests conflict with the interests of others, we should be good at thinking about interests from different angles and understanding and respecting the legitimate choices of others; When there is no conflict between individual interests and society, and between the collective and others, we should take the unity of individuals, collectives and society as the standard of our choice.

Attention; Is it worthwhile to use this test center to analyze the heroic sacrifice of Yangtze University students holding hands to form a ladder to save people?

7. Realization of life value

(1) Creating value in labor and dedication (the fundamental way);

(2) Realizing value in the unity of individual and society;

(3) successfully temper yourself (subjective conditions for realizing the value of life: to realize the value of life, we need the spirit of tenacious struggle and self-improvement; We need to work hard to develop our talents and improve our personal quality in an all-round way; Need to have firm ideals and beliefs, need to be guided by correct values).

Supplementary understanding: the unity of personal value and social value;

First, people's value lies in creating value and in their responsibility and contribution to society. Second, human values include social values and self-values. The two are interrelated and inseparable. Third: the evaluation of a person's value mainly depends on his contribution. The most fundamental thing is the contribution to social development and human progress.

Attachment: The value of human beings includes two aspects: one is the individual's contribution and responsibility to society (that is, social value), and the other is the respect and satisfaction of society to individuals (that is, self-value). Evaluating a person's value mainly depends on what he has contributed, mainly on his contribution to social development and human progress.

Note: Combining the selection of "Double Hundred Flowers" and the analysis of moving China's task, it shows that the value of life lies in the contribution to society.