Briefly describe the stages and characteristics of modern Russian education development.

A: The development of modern Russian education can be divided into the following stages:

In the first stage, Peter I's educational reform: the establishment of practical schools, especially special schools related to military technology, is an important measure of his educational reform; Peter I took some measures in primary compulsory education; Peter I put forward the idea of establishing an academy of sciences in order to train the country's senior talents.

The second stage,1educational reform in the early 9th century: 1802, Russia established the Ministry of Education to manage secular schools. 1803, the czar government promulgated the Provisional Regulations on National Education. 1804, the articles of association of university affiliated schools were promulgated, which stipulated that the whole country was divided into six university districts, and each school district set up a university. The university itself is managed by the university board of directors, and subordinate schools at all levels are managed by the school Committee. 1804 establishes an interconnected school system.

The third stage is the educational reform in the 65438+60s: In the early 60s, under the pressure of the broad masses of the people and the bourgeoisie, the government of Alexander II promulgated a series of decrees on the educational system reform.

1860 promulgated the Constitution of the Ministry of Education for girls, which stipulated the establishment of girls' schools for the first time in Russian history.

1863 18 in June, the constitution of Imperial University of Russia was promulgated, and part of the autonomy of the university was restored.

1864, 19 In July, the Constitution of Primary National Education was promulgated, confirming that the government, local self-government organs, social organizations, churches and private individuals can set up primary schools to recruit children from all walks of life for a period of three years.

1864 1 191October 19 promulgated the constitution of liberal arts secondary schools and preparatory secondary schools, stipulating that secondary schools can recruit children from all walks of life.

The fourth stage, education recovery in 65438+1970s: After 1970s, the czar government took some reactionary measures, which caused another retrogression in education. Mainly manifested in the government's strengthening of education control and the grading of schools. 1874, the czar's government promulgated the new National Primary School Regulations to strengthen the control of primary education. 1884 "university regulations" was promulgated, which stipulated that university autonomy was abolished and university students' gatherings were prohibited.

The development process of modern Russian education has the following characteristics:

First, the whole process of education reform is tortuous. Every educational reform has promoted the development of education to a certain extent, but every progress is accompanied by the counterattack and retrogression of conservative forces. Russian education is developed in this three-step process.

Second, the whole education reform is carried out from top to bottom. They are all some concessions made by the ruling class in order to maintain its ruling position when facing the trend of reform and progress, but these concessions or reforms must be within the scope of safeguarding its fundamental interests.

Third, Russian educational reform has a strong military, feudal and religious theological nature.