Which are the types of ancient Chinese handicrafts main

Which types of handicrafts in ancient China

The eight major handicrafts in ancient China textile industryChina is a traditional feudal country of men plowing and weaving, the textile industry has a long history, and its development is generally characterized by the following: before the Northern Song Dynasty, China's textile industry was mainly silk and hemp weaving industry, and after the Southern Song Dynasty, cotton gradually became the main material for people's clothing; the textile industry mainly embodies the characteristics of the natural economy of the feudalism, which is an important part of the natural economy of China. An important part of the natural economy, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the production of goods for the purpose of the textile industry gradually flourished, and produced a new relationship of production that is the germ of capitalist relations of production, but due to the obstacles of the feudal relations of production, it has never been healthy growth. Ceramics Chinese ceramics industry originated from the life, for the service of life, realized the unity of practicality and ornamental, and at the same time is an important item in foreign exchanges, for the development of China's economy and foreign economic and cultural exchanges have made contributions. Paper industry West Han invented papermaking, Gansu Tianshui Fumatan unearthed with a map of the paper is the world's earliest known paper; 105 years East Han Cai Lun improved papermaking; Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties, paper whiteness increased thin texture, production increased dramatically, and gradually replaced the briefcase, became the most important writing materials; a few centuries later, papermaking technology eastward to North Korea, Japan, and the Tang Dynasty when it was transmitted to the west to the Arabian, through the Arabian to Europe and North Africa. Arabia to Europe and North Africa. Papermaking is one of the four great inventions of China, and is a major contribution of the Chinese nation to the development and progress of human civilization. Iron smelting In the era of agricultural civilization, the development of iron smelting was a clear sign of the progress of productive forces, which powerfully pushed forward the change and progress of society. Iron began to be used in the Western Zhou Dynasty; during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the technology of softening cast iron was invented, more than 2,000 years earlier than that of Europe; during the Western Han Dynasty, the iron smelting industry was divided into government and private sectors, coal became the fuel for iron smelting, and quenching technology was invented; during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shi invented the water row, which made the level of China's iron smelting a long time ahead of the world; during the Sui and Tang Dynasty, the processes of cutting, polishing and welding were commonly used; in the mid- and late-Ming Dynasty, the iron smelting industry of Foshan, Guangdong Province, produced six to seven thousand kilograms of iron a day. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the iron smelting industry in Foshan, Guangdong Province, six or seven thousand kilograms of iron a day. Shipbuilding industry in ancient China, the development of shipbuilding industry and the country's seafaring business and foreign relations are closely linked, complementary, when the ruler attaches importance to the development of foreign relations, attach importance to the development of the seafaring business, shipbuilding industry is developed, such as the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, frequent foreign exchanges, the shipbuilding industry is also developed; after the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, due to the implementation of the policy of the ruler of the sea ban, the shipbuilding industry has been affected. Lacquer industry, the use of lacquer, as far back as the Neolithic era began. About seven thousand years ago, the ancient Chinese were already able to manufacture lacquerware. Based on the discovery of vermilion lacquer wooden bowls and vermilion lacquer cylinders in 1978 at the Hemudu culture site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, the coatings were analyzed chemically and spectroscopically as natural lacquer. Seven thousand years old wooden bowls, confirming that China is the birthplace of the art of vermilion lacquer ware, is the Chinese nation's splendid cultural arts in a strange flower. Salt industry Salt is a necessity for human survival. The history of salt production in China can be traced back to at least 5000 years ago, almost synchronous with the history of Chinese civilization in history. According to the source of salt, ancient Chinese salt can be categorized into sea salt, lake salt, well salt, rock salt and other categories, each with a different production process. Bronze industryChina's bronze culture has a long history, with strong national characteristics and artistic style. A large number of bronzes unearthed in Yinxu formed a bronze civilization mainly consisting of bronze ritual vessels and weapons, which reached the peak of the development of China's Bronze Age and occupied an important position in the history of China's ancient civilization. In the development of later generations, although other metals such as iron, gold and silver were gradually developed, there were still varying degrees of bronze usage.