What are the basic raw materials of petrochemical industry?

As we all know, petroleum is the main artery of industrial development, and the rapid development of traditional agriculture, petroleum-related daily necessities manufacturing, modern transportation, building materials industry, light industry, textile industry, and even electronics industry and many high-tech industries cannot be separated from petrochemical industry. What are the basic raw materials of petrochemical industry? Let's take a look at the basic situation of the petrochemical industry first. Petrochemical knowledge What are the basic petrochemical knowledge of petrochemical basic raw materials?

What are the basic raw materials of petrochemical industry?

There are four basic raw materials in petrochemical industry: alkynes (acetylene), olefins (ethylene, propylene, butene and butadiene), aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylene) and synthesis gas. These basic raw materials can be used to prepare various important organic chemical products and synthetic materials. Natural gas chemical industry is called natural gas chemical industry for short.

Its main contents are:

1. Carbon black made of natural gas; Extracting helium from natural gas;

2. Ammonia production from natural gas;

3. Producing methanol from natural gas;

4. Making acetylene from natural gas;

5. Making methyl chloride from natural gas;

6. Preparation of carbon tetrachloride from natural gas;

7. Producing nitromethane from natural gas;

8. Making carbon disulfide from natural gas;

9. Ethylene from natural gas;

10. Sulfur production from natural gas, etc.

100× 104t crude oil processing chemical raw materials According to statistics, 100× 104t crude oil processing can produce: 15× 104t ethylene, 9× 104t propylene. Refineries can be divided into four types.

1. Fuel oil is used to produce gasoline, kerosene, light and heavy diesel oil and boiler fuel.

2. The fuel and lubricating oil type not only produces various fuels, but also produces various lubricating oils.

3. Fuel chemicals mainly produce fuel oil and chemical products.

4. Fuel Lubricating Oil Chemical Type It is a comprehensive refinery, which not only produces various fuels, chemical raw materials or products, but also produces lubricating oil.

Evaluation test of crude oil Before processing a crude oil, the indexes such as color and smell, boiling point and distillation range, density, viscosity, condensation point, flash point, ignition point, spontaneous combustion point, carbon residue and sulfur content should be determined, which is the evaluation test of crude oil.

The primary, secondary and tertiary processing devices in the refinery divide crude oil into several different boiling points (fractions), which is called primary processing; Re-processing the distillate obtained from the first processing into commercial oil is called secondary processing; The process of making the commodity oil obtained by secondary processing into basic organic chemical raw materials is called tertiary processing. Primary processing equipment; Atmospheric distillation or atmospheric and vacuum distillation. Secondary processing units: catalysis, hydrocracking, delayed coking, catalytic reforming, alkylation, hydrofining, etc. Three-stage processing device: the cracking process of chemical raw materials such as ethylene and aromatic hydrocarbons.

octane rating

Octane number is an index indicating the impact resistance of gasoline when it is burned in a gasoline engine. Usually, the standard isooctane number is set to 100, and the octane number of n-heptane is set to zero. The two standard fuels are mixed in different volume ratios to obtain mixed liquids with different impact resistance grades, which are compared with the fuel to be tested under the same engine working conditions. The octane number of the sample is the percentage of isooctane contained in the mixed solution with the same impact resistance as the sample. Gasoline has high octane number, good shock resistance and good quality.

cetane number

Cetane number is an index indicating the spontaneous combustion of diesel fuel when it is burned in a diesel engine. The cetane number of pure hexadecane is usually set to 100, and the cetane number of pure methylnaphthalene is set to zero. By mixing them in different proportions, standard fuels with different explosion-proof grades with cetane number of 0 ~ 100 can be obtained, and compared with diesel oil to be tested on a single-cylinder testing machine with a certain structure.

Main chemical reactions of catalytic cracking

1. Cracking. The cracking reaction is a C-C bond cleavage reaction, and the reaction speed is relatively fast.

2. Isomerization reaction. It is that the structure and spatial position of hydrocarbon molecules change under the condition of constant molecular weight.

3. Hydrogen transfer reaction. That is, hydrogen on a hydrocarbon molecule is removed and immediately added to another olefin molecule, saturating the olefin.

4. Aromatization reaction. Aromatization is a further hydrogen transfer reaction after cyclization of alkanes and alkenes. Hydrogen atoms are continuously released during the reaction, and aromatic hydrocarbons are finally generated.

Coking and its products

Coking is the process of pyrolysis and polymerization of heavy oil products into light oil, middle distillate oil and coke.

These products are:

1. gas;

2. gasoline;

3. Diesel oil;

4. Wax oil;

5. Petroleum coke.

Main raw materials and products of hydrocracking

The main feedstock for hydrocracking is heavy distillate oil, including FCC circulating oil and coking distillate oil. Its products are mainly high-quality light oil products, especially high-quality aviation kerosene and low freezing point diesel oil.

Important position of catalytic reforming process in oil refining industry

This is because it has three functions: first, it can turn low-octane straight-run gasoline into high-octane gasoline with 80 to 90. Second, it can produce a lot of benzene, toluene and xylene, which is the basic raw material for the production of synthetic plastics, synthetic fibers and synthetic rubber. Third, it can produce a lot of cheap hydrogen by-products.

Position of solvent deasphalting in refinery

Solvent deasphalting unit is not only the "leading" device for producing heavy lubricating oil, but also a heavy oil processing device, which occupies a very important position in the refinery. After vacuum residue passes through solvent deasphalting unit, asphaltene, colloid and metal-containing non-hydrocarbon compounds are removed. Deasphalted oil can be used as heavy lubricating oil and feedstock for catalytic cracking. Deoiled asphalt can be directly mixed with road asphalt or oxidized into building asphalt, and paraffin can also be produced after dewaxing heavy lubricating oil.

Dewaxing process at home and abroad

Cold pressure dewaxing, mixed solvent dewaxing, molecular sieve dewaxing, urea dewaxing, bacterial dewaxing, catalytic hydrodewaxing and spray dewaxing.

Main uses of ethylene

The largest consumption of ethylene is the production of polyethylene, accounting for about 45% of ethylene consumption; Followed by dichloroethane and vinyl chloride produced by ethylene; Ethylene is oxidized to ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol. In addition, ethylalkylation can produce styrene, ethylene oxidation can produce acetaldehyde, ethylene can produce alcohol, and ethylene can produce higher alcohols.

Main uses of propylene

The largest amount of propylene is used to produce polypropylene. In addition, propylene can also be used to produce acrylonitrile, isopropanol, phenol and acetone, butanol and octanol, acrylic acid and its lipids, propylene oxide and propylene glycol, epichlorohydrin and synthetic glycerol.

Use of butene

The utilization of butene mainly uses mixed butene to produce high-octane gasoline components, accounting for about 60% of butene consumption, and 1 1% of mixed butene is used as industrial or civil fuel. Butene used as petrochemical raw material accounts for only 29% of the consumption of butene, of which n-butene is mainly used for butadiene production, and the rest is used for maleic anhydride and sec-butanol, heptene, polybutene and acetic anhydride.

Use of butadiene and ethylene

Butadiene is an important monomer of synthetic rubber and synthetic resin. Because diene can produce cis-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, polybutadiene, ABS, BS and other resins. In addition, it can also produce butanediol and hexamethylene diamine (monomer of nylon).

Main uses of benzene

The biggest use of benzene is as a monomer raw material for producing styrene, accounting for about 50% of the world's benzene consumption. Cyclohexane and phenol are also important consumption areas of benzene. They account for 15%- 18% of benzene consumption. In addition, aniline, alkylbenzene and maleic anhydride are also important derivatives of benzene.

Fertilizer varieties in China at present

There are urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonia water, liquid ammonia, ammonium sulfate, calcium superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, trace element fat, humic acid fertilizer and so on.

Purification of phenol and its position in refinery

The purpose is to remove non-ideal components in lubricating oil, improve the oxidation stability of oil products, improve the viscosity-temperature performance and chromaticity of oil products, and reduce the acid value and carbon residue value. Present situation: phenol refining is an important production process for lubricating oil production. The residual oil of the second, third and fourth vacuum distillation lines and propane deasphalting is refined by phenol, then dewaxed, supplemented and blended to produce finished lubricating oil. Therefore, phenol refining plays an important role in the production of lubricating oil in refineries.

Types of fluid flow and velocity

The flow and velocity of fluid can be divided into mass flow, mass flow, volume flow and volume flow. Mass flow is the mass of fluid flowing through any part of pipeline or equipment per unit time. Mass flow is usually represented by symbol G, and the unit is kg/s. Volume flow is the volume of fluid flowing through any section of pipeline or equipment in unit time. Volume flow is usually represented by the symbol V, with the unit of m3/s, and mass flow is the mass of fluid flowing through the unit section of pipeline or equipment in unit time. It is usually represented by the symbol WG, and the unit is kg/s m2. Volume flow is the volume of fluid flowing through the unit section of pipeline or equipment in unit time. Volume flow is usually represented by the symbol WV, and the unit is m3/s m2 or m/s.

Weight, density and specific gravity

The weight of a substance per unit volume is called weight, and the unit is kg/m3. The mass of a substance in a unit volume is called density, and the unit is g/cm3. Specific gravity refers to the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of pure water with the same volume at 4℃. The specific gravity of liquid refers to the ratio of the weight of liquid to the weight of water in the same volume, which is a numerical value without units.

stickiness

When fluid flows, there is relative motion between adjacent fluid layers, so there will be frictional resistance between two fluid layers, which is called viscous force. Viscosity is a physical data used to measure viscosity. Viscosity has dynamic viscosity, and the unit is Pascal second (Pa s); Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of a substance to its density in engineering calculation, and the unit is (m2/s). "engler viscosity" is also used in petroleum industry, not the viscosity concept introduced above. But a reading directly measured by the viscosity of the fluid.

Current automobile gasoline brand

Three brands, 90#, 93# and 97#, still retain the old brand number of 70#. No.70 gasoline for Dongfeng, Jiefang and other old vehicles with compression ratio below 7.0. 90# gasoline is used for new cars with compression ratio above 7.0, such as Santana, Audi, Jiefang CA 14 1, Yuejin NJG 13 1, etc.

Toxicity of leaded gasoline

Tetraethyl lead is very toxic. It enters the human body through the skin, respiratory tract or esophagus and is not easy to be discharged. If it accumulates to a certain extent, it will cause poisoning, insomnia, nausea, headache, hypotension, etc., and even lead to death in severe cases.

Current grade and brand of diesel oil

There are fine products, first-class products and qualified products. The brands are 10#, 0#- 10#, 20#, 35# and 50#.

Technical index of enterprise energy balance

There are four main technical indicators:

1. Unit energy consumption: a certain energy consumption per unit output or output value;

2. Comprehensive energy consumption per unit: the comprehensive energy consumption per unit output or output value, expressed in tons of standard coal /t, tons of standard coal /× 104m or tons of standard coal /× 104 yuan;

3. Equipment efficiency: effective energy/supplied energy ×100%;

4. Enterprise energy utilization rate: effective energy utilization rate of enterprise/total comprehensive energy consumption of enterprise × 100%.