On the basic thinking of solving the problems concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers.

Classification: people's livelihood >> Job hunting and employment

Analysis:

First, the main manifestations of the "three rural issues"

(1) Since the reform and opening up, the development of agriculture, rural areas and farmers has gone through four stages.

1. Joint production and contracting to achieve extraordinary growth in output and income. Since 1978, the centralized management of farmers has been broken, farmers have been liberated from the shackles of productivity through contracted production, and workers have been given production choices and product ownership. Make the production results closely linked with their own interests. This kind of joint production in Liberia makes farmers' enthusiasm for production glow at once and becomes a powerful driving force to promote the rapid growth of agriculture. 1985, the average agricultural net output value increased by 6.4%, and the average net income of farmers increased by 16.9%, which was a period of extraordinary agricultural growth.

2. Structural adjustment has created new impetus for increasing farmers' income. 1985 to the early 1990s, the output of major agricultural products was relatively stable, and the growth of farmers' income mainly depended on structural adjustment. The proportion of cash crops and aquaculture in agriculture has expanded, and township enterprises have sprung up and become the main growth point of farmers' income. However, during this period, due to the lower prices of agricultural products and the increase of various taxes and fees, the growth of farmers' income was restrained and the gap between urban and rural areas was further widened.

3. Labor transfer, forming the main body of farmers' income growth. Since the early 1990s, due to the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid development of urban infrastructure, China's industrialization has entered a new stage, and the pace of industrial transfer from coastal areas to inland areas has accelerated. The development of industrialization and urbanization in coastal areas and inland areas requires a lot of labor, and rural areas are the main source of this cheap labor. Although farmers' income from part-time jobs has accounted for a considerable proportion of farmers' income, in 2002, the per capita net income of farmers in Jiangxi Province was 658 yuan, accounting for 28.2% of the province's per capita net income, but the identity of farmers has not changed. Farmers' going out to work is an extension of the workplace rather than a real identity replacement, and it is impossible to really integrate into the city. In this process, the gap between urban and rural areas has further widened.

4. Urban and rural planning, fundamentally solve the "three rural issues". Since the late 1990s, China's economy has been developing continuously, and the process of industrialization has been advancing rapidly, especially the level of industrialization and urbanization in coastal areas has been improved, which has accelerated the strategic transformation from feeding agriculture back to supplementing agriculture with industry, and solved the problems brought about by the dual structure, and has the necessary conditions. The problem of realizing the coordinated development of urban and rural areas has really been put on the agenda. The central government has established the principle of giving more and taking less, and increased its support for agriculture, countryside and farmers. Measures such as changing fees into taxes, reforming rural power grid, sharing the same price in urban and rural areas, and building rural roads have continuously improved the rural development environment, and rural development has entered a new historical period.

(2) Major changes in the development of agriculture and rural economy in the new stage.

The period since the development of agriculture and rural economy entered a new stage is a period of accelerating the adjustment of agricultural structure and deepening rural reform, the most abundant supply of agricultural products and the most difficult period for farmers to increase their income. The Central Rural Work Conference from June 5 to February 24, 2003 summed up six major changes in this period, which is helpful for us to understand the characteristics and development laws of the new stage.

1. The relationship between supply and demand of agricultural products has changed greatly. The supply and demand of agricultural products have changed from long-term shortage to overall balance and surplus in good years, and the agricultural product market has changed from seller's market to buyer's market. How many generations of people with lofty ideals have dreamed of it and made unremitting efforts for it, and the goal of "hoping the people have enough food and clothing" can be realized. With the basic solution of the problem of food and clothing and the continuous improvement of income level, the proportion of urban and rural residents' expenditure on food has gradually decreased, and the food consumption structure has also undergone great changes. This makes the growth of agricultural products constrained by resources and demand more and more. The problem of agricultural structure is outstanding, the price of agricultural products was once low, and it was difficult to increase production and income, which increasingly troubled agricultural development.

2. Significant changes have taken place in the employment pattern and transfer motivation of the labor force. With the adjustment of agricultural and rural economic structure and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, rural labor force has accelerated the transfer from planting to aquaculture, from agriculture to non-agricultural industries, and from rural areas to urban agglomeration. At present, more than 1/3 of the rural labor force has been transferred to non-agricultural industries, and a large number of laborers have moved across regions to work in cities. To a large extent, it is no longer an expedient measure for farmers to go out for employment. A considerable number of farmers who go to cities, from one person to the whole family, from temporary residence to stable residence, from leaving their homes to leaving their homes. The employment pattern of China's labor force will steadily show the basic trend of gradually decreasing the proportion of agricultural employment, steadily increasing the proportion of non-agricultural employment and rapidly increasing the employment outside the home.

3. Major changes have taken place in the main sources of farmers' income growth. Agricultural income is still an important basis for farmers' income, but the sources of farmers' income growth are increasingly diversified and diversified. Farmers' income has shifted from agriculture to both agriculture and non-agriculture, from planting to planting and aquaculture, and from increasing output and raising prices to improving efficiency and expanding employment. At present, the proportion of farmers' non-agricultural income is close to half, and the proportion of wage income has accounted for 1/3, and the contribution rate of wage income to farmers' income growth is about 80%. Non-agricultural industries and the income of migrant workers have become the main sources of farmers' income growth.

4. The dependence of rural development on towns and national economy has changed greatly. The interaction and complementarity between urban and rural development are getting stronger and stronger, and the development of agriculture and rural economy is increasingly affected by the macroeconomic environment. With the establishment and perfection of the market economic system, the dual structure of urban-rural division has begun to break, and various factors of production have accelerated their flow. Workers, peasants and urban-rural areas are interrelated, interdependent, complementary and mutually promoting.

5. The correlation between China agriculture and world agriculture has changed greatly. With the economic globalization and agricultural internationalization, countries' agricultural links are closer, agricultural specialization is increasingly obvious, and international competition of agricultural products is increasingly fierce. After China's entry into WTO, it will not only bring opportunities for China's agricultural development, but also create conditions for introducing capital and technology and expanding the export of agricultural products, and also make China's agricultural development face severe challenges from the international market and foreign products and technologies more directly. China is a big agricultural producer and a big consumer of agricultural products. With the improvement of agricultural opening to the outside world, on the one hand, China has a great influence on the international market; On the other hand, the richness, price, variety and quality of international agricultural products directly affect and impact domestic production and market.

6. Significant changes have taken place in the connotation of agriculture and rural development. In the period of shortage of agricultural products, the main task of agricultural development is to increase output and ensure supply, often ignoring the protection of resources and environment; In the case of low agricultural productivity, we mainly develop rural economy, and it is often difficult to take care of the development of rural social undertakings. With the improvement of agricultural comprehensive production capacity and farmers' income level, people began to pursue the improvement of quality of life, the improvement of ecological environment and their all-round development. Building a well-off society in an all-round way puts forward newer and higher requirements for agriculture and rural development. Agriculture and rural development should not only maintain quantitative growth, but also pay attention to improving structure, quality and efficiency; We should not only develop and utilize resources, but also pay attention to protecting resources and ecological environment; We should not only prosper the economy, but also accelerate the development of social undertakings.

(3) The development of the issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers.

In the process of rapid growth of national economy, some deep-seated contradictions that have long plagued the development of agriculture and rural economy have not been fundamentally solved, and at the same time, many new situations and problems have emerged due to changes in various environments and conditions inside and outside the countryside. These problems are comprehensively summarized as "three rural issues".

1. Farmers' problems are mainly in three aspects: (1) The slow growth of farmers' income leads to the widening income gap between urban and rural residents. Since the slowdown of farmers' income in the mid-1980s, farmers' income has been growing at a low speed since the end of 1990s, which is in increasing contrast with the high growth of urban residents' income. During the six years from 65438 to 0997 to 2002, the per capita net income of farmers only increased by 549.5 yuan, which was less than the increase of urban residents' income 1/5. The average growth rate is less than 4%, which is only half of the income increase of urban residents. Moreover, farmers' income is very uneven. Due to the income differentiation in rural areas, a few high-income households cover up most low-income households, nearly half of farmers' income is in a state of zero growth, and the income of many agricultural products is declining. The income gap between urban and rural residents continued to widen, from 1.8 1 times in the mid-1980s to 3. 1 times in 2002. (2) Farmers' economic interests cannot be effectively guaranteed. Due to the lack of risk dispersion mechanism, farmers have long been passive recipients of agricultural product prices, and the natural risks and market risks of agriculture are mainly borne by farmers. Due to the lack of interest protection mechanism, farmers passively accept the low price of land and cannot enjoy the due benefits in the non-agricultural transfer of production factors such as land; In the labor transfer, farmers, as the most vulnerable group, are often the recipients of the minimum wage, creating the economic wealth of the city but not sharing its benefits. (3) The equal rights of farmers are not guaranteed. In fact, due to the lack of strong interest representatives, farmers cannot fully enjoy the same rights as urban residents in the process of development. In rural areas, there is a general lack of necessary social security, and people cannot enjoy public health, medical care and education. Even if they enter the city, they actually become the builders of the city and the creators of wealth, but they can't enjoy the same urban public welfare as the original citizens, and they don't have the political rights to participate in social affairs equally. For example, Dongguan City in Guangdong Province has a permanent population of 6.5438+0 million and a working population of 5 million. These 654.38+000 and 5 million are two completely different classes. They created the prosperity of the city together, but they enjoyed completely different treatment.

2. Agricultural problems are mainly manifested in three aspects: (1) low production efficiency caused by insufficient specialization. For the vast majority of rural areas, after the implementation of the contract responsibility system, in fact, there has been no further system reform for more than 20 years, and traditional agriculture has not been fundamentally transformed. The pattern of separate operation, self-sufficiency and the sale of surplus products has not fundamentally changed. Due to the backward mode of production, agricultural production efficiency is very low. The land output rate is not high, the labor productivity is not high, and it is less and less competitive. (2) Insufficient effective input of production factors leads to insufficient development potential. Schultz, the Nobel Prize winner, once pointed out that the transformation of traditional agriculture must inject new production factors from the outside: capital, technology, talents and new institutional factors. However, under the current system, this process is reversed: the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization results in the cheap production factors and resources in rural areas flowing to cities and industries, forming a "low-cost" advantage to support industrialization. There are three net outflows, namely, the net outflow of land value, the net outflow of rural funds and the net outflow of excellent labor force, which increasingly weaken the supporting conditions for agricultural development. This has greatly reduced the speed and efficiency of transforming traditional agriculture in China. It is estimated that since the reform and opening up, the price difference of agricultural land occupied by cities is about 2 trillion yuan, which is equivalent to four times the total scissors difference in the 30 years before the reform and opening up. In recent years, rural funds have flowed to cities, and agricultural funds have flowed to non-agriculture. Farmers have created more than 40% of residents' savings, but loans from agriculture and rural enterprises only account for about 5% of the total social loans. In particular, the outflow of agricultural superior labor force has generally reduced the quality of agricultural employees. For example, the transfer rate of rural labor force in Jiangxi is 27%, but the transfer rate of 19-30 age group is 55%. "Young people can't leave the fields", and farming is mainly for the elderly, weak women and children. (3) the structure of agricultural products does not adapt to the market structure, which leads to the problem that agricultural products are difficult to sell. Due to the lack of a strong circulation system connecting cities and facing big markets at home and abroad, and the lack of effective means to connect small production of thousands of households with ever-changing big markets, the blindness of structural adjustment is inevitable. The unreasonable product structure and low quality level do not meet the market demand of diversified, high-quality and refined agricultural products, which leads to the long-term lack of effective market driving force for agricultural development.

Rural problems are mainly caused by four backwardness: economic backwardness, cultural backwardness, social backwardness and rural backwardness. Because the huge rural management framework does not adapt to the weak rural economy, the rural debt problem is very prominent, which not only causes normal economic turnover difficulties, but also seriously damages the rural credit system. Due to the long-term lack of sufficient investment in culture and education, farmers' poor quality, monotonous life and lack of necessary cultural consumption are very prominent. After the original strict organization was broken, rural community construction became the weakest link in the whole community construction in China. Due to the lack of mutual aid mechanism and industry coordination mechanism, farmers have become the most unorganized group. Because the functions of grass-roots organizations and township-level organizations are misplaced, rural planning is backward, or there is basically no planning, and the phenomenon that planning cannot be effectively implemented is very common, which leads to chaos in rural construction and ugly appearance of villages. The dirty rural environment has become one of the biggest environmental problems in China.