What are the basic architectural forms in China?

1. Main forms: hall, hall, pavilion, platform, building, pavilion, porch, pavilion, square and corridor.

2. Main styles: Fairy Hall, Xieshan, Diaoshan, Yaojian, Roll Shed, Helmet Top, Record Top, etc.

3. Main features:

Ancient buildings in China used wood, brick and tile as the main building materials, and wood frame structure as the main structural mode. This structural mode is composed of columns, beams, purlins and other main components, and the joints between the components are equipped with tenons and mortises to form an elastic frame. There are three different structural modes of ancient wooden frame in China: hanging beam, span bucket and shaft. The hanging beam type is called "hanging beam type" because the beam is placed on the column and hung on the beam. This structure is often used in palaces, temples, monasteries and other large buildings. The bucket-piercing type is called bucket-piercing type because rows of columns are connected through purlins to form bent frames, and then connected through purlins. Mostly used in houses and smaller buildings. The well stem type is made of cross-stacked wood, hence its name, because the space it encloses looks like a well. This structure is relatively primitive and simple, and it is rarely used except in a few forest areas. Wood structure has many advantages. First, the load-bearing and envelope structure are clearly defined, the weight of the roof is borne by the wooden frame, the outer wall plays the role of shielding the sun, heat insulation and cold protection, and the inner wall plays the role of dividing the indoor space. Because the wall is not load-bearing, this structure gives the building great flexibility. Secondly, it is conducive to earthquake prevention and resistance. Wood frame structure is very similar to today's frame structure. Due to the characteristics of wood and the certain expansion space of the bucket arch and mortise and tenon used in the frame structure, the damage of the earthquake to this frame can be reduced to some extent. "The wall falls but the house does not collapse" vividly expresses the characteristics of this structure.

The plane layout of ancient buildings in China has a simple organization law, that is, single buildings are composed of "houses", then courtyards are composed of single buildings, and then various groups are composed of courtyards. As far as single building is concerned, rectangular plane is the most common. In addition, there are geometric planes such as circle, square and cross. Generally speaking, the design of most important buildings is balanced and symmetrical. With the courtyard as the unit, along the vertical axis and the horizontal axis, with the help of the organic combination and contrast of building groups, the main building is particularly magnificent. Residential buildings and landscape gardens adopt a flexible layout of "being in harmony with people at the right time".

In particular, the shape of the roof is the most prominent, mainly in the form of temple, rest mountain, hanging mountain, hard mountain, point, shed and so on.

Whether it is a temple or a mountain top, it is a big roof, which looks stable and harmonious. The straight lines and curves in the roof are ingeniously combined to form a slightly upturned cornice, which not only expands the lighting surface, but also helps to discharge rainwater and increases the aesthetic feeling of the building flying briskly.

Including painting and sculpture. Painting has many functions such as decoration, symbol, protection and symbol. Paint pigment contains copper, which can not only prevent moisture and wind erosion, but also prevent insects and ants. The use of color is limited. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhu and Huang were defined as supreme colors. Color paintings mostly appear on beams, arches, indoor ceilings, algae wells and stigma, and the composition is closely combined with the shape of components, with exquisite drawing and rich colors. Liang Fang's colorful paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the most striking. Color painting in Qing Dynasty can be divided into three categories, namely, seal color painting, spiral color painting and Soviet color painting.

Sculpture is an important part of ancient architectural art in China, including brick carving on the wall, stone carving on the railing of abutment, gold, silver, copper, iron and other architectural decorations. The sculpture theme is very rich, including animal and plant patterns, figures, drama scenes and historical legends. A stone on the pedestal of Baohe Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing is carved with exquisite dragon and phoenix patterns, weighing 200 tons. There are also many carved works of art inside and outside the ancient buildings, including Buddha statues, stone statues and animals in front of tombs in temples.

Building itself is the environment for people to live, work, entertain and socialize, so we should not only coordinate the internal components, but also pay special attention to the coordination with the surrounding natural environment. Designers in ancient China paid great attention to the surrounding environment when designing, and made a detailed investigation and study on the surrounding mountains, rivers, geographical features, climatic conditions and forest vegetation. , so that the layout, form and color of the building can adapt to the surrounding environment, thus forming a large environmental space.