Ask some basic knowledge of classical music.

There are two kinds of music, one is symphony and light music, the other is dance music, pop music and jazz.

Classical music often refers to serious music, but also to some recognized classic works.

Generally, the number of performers is less than 10, and playing classical music is called chamber music. When each instrument plays a part, two instruments are called duets, three instruments are called trios and eight instruments are called octets, but piano trio, string quartet and piano quintet are the most popular. More than ten people are called indoor orchestral music. Large-scale instrumental music performance is called orchestra, and modern orchestra is also called symphony orchestra and symphony orchestra. The classical symphony orchestra has more than 30 members, sometimes as many as 100 or 150. The band that plays light music and jazz music, commonly known as Little Jazz Band, is generally small in number, but there are also light music teams with more than 30 people. Modern dance bands do not use stringed instruments, but simply use brass and woodwind instruments as the main melody melody instruments, which is completely different from Vienna Waltz Band.

In the configuration of a large orchestra, the number of stringed instruments accounts for about 60%, woodwind instruments account for about 15%, brass instruments account for about 15%, and percussion instruments account for about 10%. Usually, the left front is the violin, the midrange is right in the middle, the right front is the cello, and the far right is the cello. Behind the stringed instruments is the woodwind group, and the timpani is in the center of the back row. Snare drum Jr., cymbals and other percussion instruments are on the left side of the timpani. The brass band is on the right of the timpani. The harp and piano are on the left in the middle.

The orchestra has four main parts:

(1) stringed instruments

Violin, viola, cello, double bass (double bass).

(2) Woodwind instruments

Flute (flute), piccolo, oboe (English pipe), clarinet (clarinet, clarinet), bassoon (bassoon, bassoon).

(3) brass instruments

Trumpet, trombone (telescopic tube), French horn (French horn) and tuba.

(4) percussion instruments

Timpani, drum, tambourine, cymbal, triangle, bell, gong, xylophone, piano, etc.

The element of music is sound, and composers can't express their feelings as clearly as words, so they can only use the expression of sound to arouse people's emotions. The four basic elements of music are rhythm, melody, harmony and timbre. Rhythm reminds people of physical movements, and melody reminds people of spiritual feelings. Music expresses emotions through differences in melody, rhythm, sound, harmony and timbre. For example, major means happiness and grandeur, and minor means sadness and melancholy; Nervous and short rhythm means anger, soft and long rhythm means softness, strong pitch means enthusiasm, and low and weak tone means silence; Discordant voice means struggle and dispute, and harmonious voice means peace and tranquility; Trumpet stands for war, oboe stands for pastoral and so on.

How to enjoy music?

Everyone listens to music according to their different appreciation abilities and hobbies. For the convenience of analysis, we divide music appreciation into three aspects.

(1) aesthetic feeling

Listening to music is purely the pleasure of music, only pleasing to the ear, only perceptual appreciation, without any form of thinking, so that the appeal of music brings itself into a fantastic realm. For example, when doing things, turn on the stereo and immerse yourself in music absently. At this time, the appeal of music alone brings people into an unconscious but attractive state of mind.

Aesthetic sense occupies a very important position in music, but it should not occupy too much position. Even in this initial stage of listening to music, we should adopt a more meaningful listening method.

(2) Expression

All music has expressive ability, and there is always some meaning behind the notes, which constitutes the content of the work and can arouse emotions. This is emotional appreciation.

(3) Pure music

In addition to pleasant sound and expressive feelings, music also exists in the processing of notes and notes. In order to follow the composer's thinking and consciously explore the structure of music, the change of theme and the application of composer's skills, this is a rational appreciation and an advanced stage of music appreciation.

Most listeners can't fully understand this third aspect. A wise listener must be prepared to strengthen his awareness of music material and its development. He must listen to melody, rhythm, harmony and timbre more consciously. It is particularly important to follow the composer's ideas and understand the principles of some musical forms.

The ideal audience is a person who can enter music and be detached from it. While enjoying music, he enjoyed it and deepened his understanding of music.

The only way to understand music is to listen. Listen carefully from beginning to end until you are familiar with it, so that you can deepen your understanding. When you hear a melody and recognize it, you have the conditions to enjoy music. If you can hear the differences between different players when playing the same piece of music and understand the composer's thoughts, then you have stepped into the door of enjoying music.

Music has expressive power, so it has a certain meaning, but it can't be clearly expressed in words, and there is no need to find suitable words to express the meaning of music.

Music expression methods can be roughly divided into two categories: absolute music and program music. Music for the purpose of music itself is called pure music, which is only composed of sound and form, and has no clear connection with anything other than music itself. Most instrumental music, such as symphonies and sonatas, falls into this category. Music that implies literature, ideas, paintings and other contents with specific titles is always called title music.

Sonata is an instrumental music composed of four independent movements, each of which has its own structure and style, and is played by piano, violin and cello respectively. Piano performance is called piano sonata, violin performance is called violin sonata, cello performance is called cello sonata, and chamber music is also a sonata.

Concerto is an instrumental work played by solo instruments and orchestra on the basis of equality. Concertos usually use violin, piano, cello or flute as solo instruments.

Symphony is sonata instrumental music played by orchestral music. Usually divided into four movements, the complexity of timbre and the richness of color are the highest among all the music.

A suite is an orchestral or piano suite composed of several short sections, each of which is relatively independent.

The overture originally refers to the instrumental music played by the orchestra before the opening of the opera, oratorio or drama score, but in modern times, there are single-movement orchestral overtures specially made for concerts.

Preludes are mostly short orchestral music, which is often used as a prelude to large-scale music and movies.

Intermittent is music played between scenes of drama or opera, which has the function of suggesting scenes and changing the atmosphere of the audience. There are also independent works with relatively free form and short length.

Tokata is a kind of keyboard music that displays various gorgeous skills in a free form.

Serenade is a kind of solo or instrumental music played outdoors at dusk or night. The artistic conception of the music is touching and euphemistic.

Nocturne is an elegant and romantic music. Melody is full of singing, often with delicate decorative notes, accompanied by arpeggios or chords. It is a branch of serenade.

Improvisation (1mpromptu) is a kind of improvisational instrumental sketch.

Ballad is an instrumental music with lyrical and romantic characteristics, which has its original narrative significance.

Learning is a kind of music used to improve the playing skills of instrumental music.

Scherzo, also known as scherzo, is an instrumental music with fast speed, active and clear rhythm and frequent and sudden contrast between strength and weakness.

Humorous drama is chic and free, with the characteristics of humor and fantasy.

Capriccio is the general name of music created by composers according to fantasy, and it is a kind of music that expresses changes in a free form.

Rhapsody is an instrumental music that composers create for heroes, nations or lyrical themes.

Fantasia is an instrumental music characterized by fantasy and freedom, and it is a short instrumental music with romanticism and no fixed form.

Pastoral, with a soft tune, is an idyllic music developed by imitating the instruments used by shepherds.

Gondola is a kind of slow and swaying music with beautiful and smooth melody.

Variations are instrumental symphonies based on a certain theme and played in different ways. They are also called tone poems, which were initiated by Liszt. They usually express poetic and artistic content, have only one movement, can be freely played in structure, and are not limited in musical form. They are symphony works much shorter than symphonies.

March is music used to accompany the group forward, mostly in four beats, highlighting the strong beat. Usually played with wind music, it is often used in the army to make the team tidy and boost morale. There are weddings, funerals, triumphal celebrations and other parades.

A lullaby, also known as a lullaby, is simple in form, slow in speed, soft and lyrical in main melody, and vacillating in rhythm, so as to simulate the rhythm of cradle rocking to make the baby fall asleep.

Chorus was originally German folk songs and Christian hymns, and later became instrumental music.

There are six kinds of dance music. (1) Waltz, also translated as waltz, is a three-beat dance music, with remakes in each bar, which is both practical and artistic. Its accompaniment consists of the first beat of bass and the second and third beats of treble chords. The main theme is smooth and stretched, and the harmony and music structure are simple and clear. Gavit, French dance music, 2/2 beat is full of lively atmosphere. ⑧ minuet, originally a French folk dance with a medium speed of 3/4, is a slow and elegant dance music. (4) Mazurka is a kind of Polish folk dance music, which has three beats from medium to fast and is popular in rural areas. ⑤ Polonaise, like Mazzuca, is a representative of Polish dance music, popular in aristocratic society, with unique triple beats, moderate speed and solemn rhythm. It was also translated into Polish dance music. ⑥ Polka,/kloc-a fast double-beat dance music popular in Bohemia in the 9th century.

The divertimento is a relaxed and pleasant suite.

Romance was originally some lyric songs and instrumental music with legendary narrative poems as lyrics.

Overture is one of the oldest instrumental genres, which plays an important role in the development of other instrumental genres, especially symphonies and symphonic poems. As the name implies, overture can be compared to the preface or introduction of a work. Musically, it originally refers to the prelude instrumental music before the performance of opera, oratorio, chorus, ballet or other dramatic works, that is, it is mainly a kind of noisy music. However, this kind of early noisy music is very simple, in fact, it is only a few loud trumpets, which is equivalent to three rings before the theater performance today. This is the case with the oldest folk market stage or puppet show, even in1Italian operas in the early 7th century, such as Monteverdi's opera works (1567- 1643).

/kloc-At the end of 0/7th century, two different types of drama overtures began to appear-French overtures and Italian overtures. The so-called French overture was founded by Luli Luer 65438+Y (1632-1687), the founder of the French National Opera. This kind of overture begins with a grand, solemn, slow and often musical introduction, followed by a fast and active piece of music, mostly written in polyphonic style, and finally repeats the slow music at the beginning or ends with a slow minuet. This French opera overture has a "slow-fast-slow" structure. On the other hand, the Italian overture can also be divided into three different parts, but its first part is fast, positive and powerful, in which a slow, song-like melody is inserted, and finally a fast-paced dance passage is used, and the rhythm of Italian folk Tarantella or Giger is often used. In this way, the Italian overture constitutes a "fast-slow-fast" structure. This Italian opera overture was mainly composed by Italian composer A scarlatti (1660- 1725), which can be said to be the embryonic form of a multi-movement symphony that appeared a century later. Because French opera at that time was mainly used for the festival celebration of Bourbon Dynasty, while Italian opera had a wider audience, naturally, Italian opera overture was not as elegant and noble as French overture in style and content. However, these two kinds of opera overtures of 17 and 18 century have no deep connection with the content and artistic conception of the opera itself. Because the frivolous audience at that time was always busy entertaining friends before the role introduction, the theater order could not be quiet, and the composer knew that the audience never paid attention to the performance of the overture, so he didn't want to spend more time in this respect. In this way, an opera overture has been used many times in different operas, which has become commonplace. Neither the author nor the audience cares.

As an art form, overture has become an important part of drama, which began in the second half of the eighteenth century. At that time, the German opera composer Gluck set an epoch-making criterion for the overture when he carried out the opera reform-he wrote in the introduction of his opera "The North Pole": "I think the overture should imply the main idea of the work and make the audience emotionally prepared for the drama to be watched." The overture of Gluck's opera Iphigenia of Eris was one of the excellent examples of this kind of opera overture at that time. This classical opera overture, initiated by Gluck, was not finalized until the end of the eighteenth century, and basically adopted a sonata-like structure. Mozart's opera overtures mostly fall into this category.

To keep the organic connection between overture and opera itself, the simplest way is to directly select the segments (such as aria) that are closely related to the development of drama or melody in opera. ) the theme that best reflects the character of the opera protagonist. Mozart's Overture to Don Juan and glinka's Overture to rossland and lyudmila are both examples. But some overtures have nothing to do with the theme of the opera itself, such as Mozart's The Wedding of Figaro and Rossini's The Barber of Seville.

Beethoven's overture is of great significance in the history of music. In the small genre of overture, he expressed profound ideological content with simple, concise and highly summarized musical images. His drama overture has gone far beyond the general function of "introduction" and has become a concentrated expression of the central content of the whole drama.

However, Beethoven's talent was still reflected in the symphony, and the development of overture finally fell to his young contemporaries, the father of German romantic opera-Weber. Weber's opera overture is closely related to the opera itself, both in music theme and emotional color, and becomes a kind of exquisite sound and picture, which introduces the listener into the emotional atmosphere of the opera. Weber's operas Free Shooter, Aublanc and Yulandi are all representative works of this kind.

/kloc-the first half of the 0/9th century was the golden age of romantic opera overture, and then the influence of overture obviously faded. There are two reasons: First, in the second half of the19th century, some composers, such as Wagner, thought that opera itself was enough to explain the plot of a dramatic story, and the overture did not need to involve the content of the story. Therefore, many composers tend to reduce the size of the overture. I prefer to switch to a shorter genre of prelude, limited to brewing an emotion in front of the curtain; Secondly, at that time, the new audience of lyric theatre generally came to watch the performance sincerely and had certain appreciation ability, so there was no need to delay the opening time with loud music. As a result, just like the opera Bohemian by Italian composer Puccini at the end of 19, there are almost only a few bars of introduction, and it immediately turns to the first act of the opera.

In addition to the opera overture, many composers in the19th century are also keen to create a new overture that does not play the role of "preface". This overture is not subordinate to any drama, but it often has a title, which is related to some poetic contents, such as images and plots created by classical literature or folk works, pictures of folk life and so on. This independent title overture is called the concert overture. Its founder is German composer Mendelssohn. The first overture specially written for concert performance was his overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream. There are many overtures for headline concerts, such as Mendelssohn's Cave of Fingers, glinka's Spanish Overture, Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's Solemn Overture of 18 12 and Fantasy Overture of Romeo and Juliet. Some of the overtures are actually variations of the title symphony or symphony.

In the history of music, the classification of musical instruments is usually closely related to orchestration. The classification of musical instruments not only reflects people's living habits and customs, but also reflects the music life content, music form, scientific and technological level and productivity at all stages of human understanding at that time ... The most important classification of ancient musical instruments in China is the "eight-tone classification", that is, according to the materials made by musical instruments, ancient musical instruments in China are divided into eight categories. The Western Zhou Dynasty (about 1 1 century-77 BC1year) appeared.

"Mandarin? Under Zhou Yu? "On Music in Lingzhou" said: "Therefore, the most important musical instrument is fine, and the most important musical instrument is big, so the gold is on the jade, the stone is on the sedan chair, and the tile is on the palace (the tile is earth, pottery, etc.). ), bamboo is still under discussion, and the wooden one is changed. "Eight tones are gold (such as Zhong and Tudor), stone (such as Qing), silk (such as Qin and Se), bamboo (such as Xiao and Chi), Shu (such as Sheng and Ru), earth (such as Ru and Ru) and leather (such as Ru).

There is also a classification in folk music, which roughly divides musical instruments into four categories: blowing, pulling, playing and playing. Such as: playing (suona, flute), playing (huqin), playing (sanxian, pipa), playing (dulcimer, cymbals).

Western music falls into five categories:

(1) woodwind: clarinet and flute, musical instruments with single or double springs (later made of metal), such as oboe and bassoon;

(2) Copper tube: made of metal, originally made of wood. Early objects can only play overtones within a whole scale or even two octaves, such as trumpet, horn and tuba;

(3) percussion instruments: drums, cymbals and castanets;

(4) Keyboard: from the original natural keyboard to the later Yankee quarter keyboard (not very similar to traditional oriental instruments), such as piano, harpsichord and organ;

String instruments: The types of string instruments range from textiles, catgut, whale bones, steel to nylon ... such as pipa, violin, guitar and harp.

Cooter. According to the acoustic principle, Kurt Sachs1881-1959 and Hornbostel studied and classified musical instruments of different times and cultures, and designed a set of terms to distinguish five kinds of musical instruments in 19 14 (the outbreak of World War I).

(1) Body singing instruments: instruments made of natural pronunciation materials, such as green and triangular iron (2) membrane singing instruments: instruments with stretched membranes, such as timpani, tambourine and waist drum;

(3) Aeroacoustic instruments: including instruments that vibrate without reed tubes and use free vibrating reed tongues, such as organ and sheng;

(4) stringed instruments: stringed instruments, such as violin and sanxian;

(5) Electronic musical instruments: electronic and electroacoustic, such as electronic organ and electric organ.

Octagonal division is a classification that has existed in history, but it is no longer used. It reflects the scientific and technological level in ancient China, and also reflects the social situation of attaching importance to technology and neglecting theory at that time (and its influence on humanistic form). Octave division is actually a relatively primary technical division. Because there has never been "science" in the history of China, only technology and technology, this classification unfortunately failed to embody and implement scientific principles. According to this classification, bronze drums and chimes belong to gold, while pottery bells and bronze bells belong to earth and gold. Therefore, octave method may not be practical in actual music performance, organization and activities. It just reflects the preliminary arrangement of ancient scholars in China and their attempts to arrange it. Blowing, pulling and playing vividly reflect the playing methods of musical instruments. Folk music is usually used for weddings, funerals or self-entertainment, and there is no fixed band arrangement. The number and methods of participants are flexible, and usually one person plays several instruments at the same time. People who play with you may be able to play this pipa and Ruan. Moreover, the professors who study folk musical instruments are apprentices, and the workshops and handicrafts have strong characteristics. The classification of blow-pull bullets is easy to understand, and it also conforms to the characteristics of craftsmanship, similar to the difference between masons and tanners. Therefore, it is widely circulated among the people and occupies a dominant position.

In fact, the classification of western classical musical instruments also has strong handicraft characteristics, which is unscientific-for example, the woodwind instruments are all metal, while the original brass instruments are wood, but the names of woodwind and brass have been fixed-and it is not systematic. It exists because there is another systematic and theoretical law behind it: the law of coordinator, which makes this classification have its practical value and law. Orchestration is the art of composing music for orchestras, which pays attention to the timbre, technique, performance and effective range of musical instruments, as well as the combination, application and arrangement of musical instruments. Fundamentally speaking, the orchestration method is based on this classification of musical instruments, which also makes this classification of western musical instruments effectively applied-this application may not be strict and scientific, but it embodies the scientific spirit and concept.

The so-called "saxophone (musical instrument) classification" is actually not a quasi-musical instrument classification. It's just that saxophone classifies musical instruments according to five terms (not even concepts) put forward by himself. Although it has been initially systematic and structured, it has not been completely accurate and scientific. It is because the sound materials used in music are extensive, complex and diverse ... which determines that the tools used to produce this sound are becoming more and more sophisticated and complex (including playing methods). Our classification will always catch up, which is the pride of human science and the itch of art. On the one hand, the classification of musical instruments is committed to a rigorous scientific system, on the other hand, it is necessary to effectively guide the ever-changing music and music life and practice, which cannot be achieved overnight. "Saxophone (musical instrument) classification" is the best existing classification. It is the most scientific and rigorous classification of all musical instruments at present. We should continue to build this building, enrich it and improve it. This even requires the efforts of several generations, because this subject is increasingly integrated with more and more scientific components and technical content, and more importantly, there are modern and future music with more and more complex structure, richer content and more vivid.