Ancient Literature on Astronomy and Calendars General Knowledge

1. Ancient Literature on General Knowledge of Astronomy and Geography

<; Ancient Chinese Culture>; Table of Contents

Preamble: The Origins of Ancient Oriental Scientific and Technological Civilization

1. Astronomy and Geography

The Ancients Speak of the Sky and Discuss the Ground The Ancients Observe the Sky The Origins of All Things

Record of the Sky Solar Eclipse Meteors, Novas, Supernovae Comets, Pentacles, Sunspots, Stone Carvings The Astronomical Works "Gan Shi Xing Jing" and "Ling Xian"

Famous geographers Pei Xiu, Li Daoyuan, Xu Xiake and Wei Yuan

Achievements Cartography of the six bodies Observations and instruments for winds Observations and instruments for precipitation Observations and instruments for humidity Observations and instruments for clouds Observations and atlases for clouds Notes on the Classic of Waters Journals Travels of Xu Xiake Atlas of the Sea and Land

2. Ancient mathematics

Achievements Calculating chips, the calculating wheel, the use of the decimal system and the earliest use of the decimal system The first use of the 九九 table The earliest use of decimals, the table of the ninth degree, the use of negative numbers, the calculation of pi, the founding father of the binary system

Writings Zhou Thigh Calculations, Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art, Sea and Island Calculations, and Sun Tzu Calculations

Mathematicians Liu Hui, Zhang Heng, and Zu Chongzhi

3. Military in Ancient Times

Military Ideas, The Art of War, The Six Thoughts of Sun Zi, The Laws of Seima, The Laws of Sun Bin, The Law of War, The Laws of Yülü, and Wuzi

Military Inventions Military Inventions Ancient Chariots The Invention and Circulation of Stirrups Ancient Chinese Rockets Gunpowder Firebreathing Devices The Invention and Circulation of Crossbows

Characters The Sage of Soldiers, Sun Wu The National Hero, Yue Fei Zhuge Liang

4. Traditional Chinese Medicine

Overview of Chinese Medicine The History of Chinese Medicine Theory of Chinese Medicine Theory of Chinese Medicine Basics of Chinese Medicine

Diagnostic Methods and Therapies Four Diagnostic Methods Acupuncture and Moxibustion Scraping Gua Sha Tui Na Pulling the Fire Can

Featured Inventions Acupuncture Bronze Man Chinese Medicine Needle Tool Model of Tongue Moss Internal Meridian Diagrams Iron Balls Five-Animal Feasts Tai Chi Boxing

Ancient Famous Doctors Qian Yi Ge Hong Wang Bing Huang Fu Quiescence Wang Shu He Slip Bo Ren Sun Yi Li Shizhen Li Dong Yuan Bian Magpie Dai Sigong Zhang Zihe Zhang Zhongjing Cha Yuanfang Sun Simiao Sun Yi Kui Hua Tuo Liu Wansu

5.

5. Ancient Agriculture

Ancient Water Conservancy Ancient water conservancy projects in China Dujiangyan Zhengbai Canal Zhangzhang Twelve Canals Itshan Weir Paeony Pei Ling Canal

The eight canals of the Houtou Ganga Gou

Ancient Agricultural Implements Chinese waterwheels Bone Wild Grain Stone Shovels Iron Hoe Iron Plow

Ancient Agricultural Science and Technology Characters Jia Si Fengyu Xu Guangqi Song Ying Xing

Agricultural Technological Achievements Qimin jiajiu jiaoji Tiangong kaibi. The Complete Book of Agricultural Politics Hybrid Rice

6. Ancient Architecture

Self-contained system of traditional Chinese architecture City planning started as early as in the Zhou Dynasty Modern Architecture in China Stages in the History of Chinese Architecture Features of Chinese Architecture

7. Living appliances were in incense burner Simuwu square tripod

Production Square plate chain pump Hydraulic spinning wheel Belt drive

Transportation Scull, rudder and ship Compass car Zhili drum cart Unicycle

8. Silk Dyeing and Finishing The Four Famous Embroideries of China Natural Fabric Dyes

9. Chinese Nautical Technology

Ancient Shipbuilding A Review of Ancient Chinese Shipbuilding The Three Ship Types Ancient Famous Ships

Shipbuilding Inventions Sails Stern Rudders Sculls Wagons Keel Structures Watertight Compartments

Nautical Inventions Nautical Compasses Stargazers Tachymeter Needle Paths Other Nautical Knowledge

Nautical Milestones Xufu's crossing to Japan The Maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty Jianzhen's crossing to Japan Zheng He's crossing the Western Ocean

10. Paper Production and Printing in China

Paper-making The original writing material The process of paper invention The development of paper-making technology Cai Lun's improvement of paper-making The spread of paper-making

People Cai Lun Bi Sheng Wang Zhen Hu Zhengyan

Printing Printing invention Invention of printing engraving Printing technique Invention of Printing Invention of movable type printing Spread of Printing Technology

Characteristic Inventions Invention of rice paper Invention of pen and ink Invention of seals Topography Counterprinting and Color Printing Paper Money

11. Philosophy of Ancient China

Philosophy Schools of Philosophy Taoism Philosophy Confucianism Philosophy Legal Philosophy Famous Philosophy Ink Family Philosophy Yin-Yang Family Philosophy

Philosophers Laozi Confucius Han Fei-tzu Mozi

Philosophy Writings Tao Te Ching, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Changes

Philosophical Keywords Tao, Yin-Yang, Gossip, Five Elements, Tai Chi, Sky and Sky

12. Ancient Chinese Crafts

Chinese Porcelain, Chinese Furniture, Chinese Bronze, Chinese Pottery, Chinese Sculpture, Chinese Lacquer, Chinese Ornamentation, Crafts of the Sifang, Cloisonné, Chinese Wood Carvings, Chinese Paper Cuttings, Chinese Clocks and Pipes, Chinese Kites, Tang Sancai, Chinese Lanterns, Chinese New Year's Paintings, Paper Taping, Yunnan Paper Horse Chinese fan Chinese jade Chinese stickers Metal craft Inlaid silver craft Stone carving Chinese bamboo carving

2. Ancient Chinese Culture General Knowledge Astronomy and Geography

China's territory is vast and vast, with a total area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world only after Russia and Canada, and fourth for the United States. It is almost equal in size to the whole of Europe. The four ends of China's territory are: the easternmost point in the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River, the intersection of the centerline of the main channel (135 ° E more), the westernmost point in the Pamir Plateau near the (73 ° E), east and west across the longitudinal more than 60 degrees, east and west of about 5,000 kilometers apart, the southernmost point in the Zengmu Dark Shadows (4 ° N), the northernmost point in the Muohe River to the north of Heilongjiang centerline of the main channel (53 ° N) more than north-south latitude of about 50 degrees, north and south of about 5,500 km apart. degrees, north-south distance of about 5500 km.

China's land and sea location: eastern Asia, the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.

00 China's hemispheric location: the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere.

00 Location of our country in latitude and longitude: our territory spans nearly 50 degrees of latitude from north to south, most of it in the temperate zone, a small part in the tropics, and no frigid zone. The total area of our territory[1] is about 9.6 million square kilometers, which is the 3rd largest in the world after Russia and Canada, and the 4th largest is the United States. It is almost equal in size to the whole of Europe. The four extremities of the country's territory are: the easternmost at the intersection of the centerlines of the main channels of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers (135°2′30''E), the westernmost near the Pamir Plateau (73°40′E), and the southernmost at the Lidi Ansha (latitude 3°51'00''N, longitude 112°17'09''E) (English: Lidi Ansha or Lydi Shoal) a dark sandy area in the South China Sea (English: Lidi Ansha or Lydi Shoal) is a dark sand in the Nansha Islands region of the South China Sea, which is the southernmost part of the de facto Chinese territory (not Zengmu Dark Sand, which is located about 15 nautical miles northeast of it). According to the administrative division of the People's Republic of China, Lidi Shoal is under the jurisdiction of Sansha City, Hainan Province. The northernmost point in the centerline of the main channel of the Heilongjiang River north of Mohe (53 ° 33 ′ N, 124 ° 20 ′ E) China's east and west across the longitude of more than 60 degrees, the easternmost point of the Ussuri River and the westernmost point of the Pamir Plateau Plateau difference of five time zones.

For the ancient Chinese astronomical system, compared with the West also has its own characteristics. The Chinese astronomical system inherited the idea of the unity of heaven and man from the Chinese philosophical system. For example, the constellation Ursa Major consists of three star officials in Chinese astronomy: Beidou, Wenchang, and Santai. Beidou is very familiar, not to repeat; Wenchang is the folklore of Wenqu star, in charge of the imperial examinations of the celestial body; Santai refers to the real-life examination of the three stages, the township examination, the examination and the three stages of the Palace Examination. Completely different from Western astronomy where the heavens are full of gods and have nothing to do with the earth. Personally, I like to use Chinese astronomy to name the stars, because it is very cultural and easy to remember.

But this system of Chinese astronomy also restricts the development of Chinese astronomy. For example, solar and lunar eclipses, according to the legislative forecast it should have ah, but did not happen. If in the West, I am afraid that the calendar should be amended. In China, the ministers kowtowed to the emperor and congratulated him on his great kindness that touched the heavens (even Yao Chong did something like this).

3. What was astronomy in ancient China. What is the calendar

China is one of the first countries in the world to develop astronomy.

Due to the needs of production and life, people have been observing astronomical phenomena since ancient times, and have accumulated more and more astronomical knowledge through successive generations, and gradually formed an astronomical system that is rich in content and has a unique style. Ancient Chinese astronomy has been in the leading position in many fields in the world for a long time, and has written a glorious chapter in the history of astronomy in the world and in the history of the culture of the Chinese nation.

The most important part of ancient Chinese astronomy is the calendar, in other words, the calendar is the core of ancient Chinese astronomy. The ancient Chinese calendar is not simply about the arrangement of the calendar system, it also includes the sun, the moon and the earth, wood, fire, gold, water, the movement of the five planets and the position of the calculation; stellar position of the calculation; the daily noon shadow length and the length of day and night time of the projection; the sun and the moon eclipse forecast and so on a wide range of subjects.

In a sense, the compilation of the ancient Chinese calendar is equivalent to the modern compilation of astronomical calendars. To this end, China's ancient astronomers carried out a series of observations and research activities: such as the calendar of the subject *** with the starting point - the selection of the calendar element, the exposition of the concept of astronomy one after another, a variety of astronomical constants of the measurement, a variety of astronomical number of the preparation of the table, on the specific projection methods, astrometric methods and mathematical methods, the choice and improvement and so on. The first is to choose and improve the methods of calculation, astrometry, and mathematics, and so on.

These constitute the basic framework and main content of the ancient Chinese calendar. Of course, ancient Chinese astronomy also covers a wider range of content, such as the design and manufacture of ancient Chinese unique and sophisticated astronomical instruments, the discussion of the theory of the universe, and a series of celestial phenomena, especially strange celestial phenomena of the long-term systematic observation and recording, etc., which, along with the calendar, constitute the very colorful and varied system of ancient Chinese astronomy.

The ancient Chinese astronomical system went through a long evolutionary process of occurrence, development, perfection, decline, and finally integration into modern astronomy. The following six stages (i.e., the following six sections) are briefly described.

Astronomical knowledge before the Western Zhou This is a long period of history when astronomical knowledge began to sprout and initially accumulate. Due to the needs of production and life, from the observation of the stars, the movement of the sun and the moon, people gradually formed the concept of the length of time of the year, month, day and so on, which is closely related to these needs, and then produced the initial calendar system.

Due to the need for divination activities, people are extremely concerned about the changes in the sky, especially the emergence of anomalous sky, which also *** the importance of people's observations of the sky, and thus gradually formed the tradition of celestial phenomena record. All these have given a profound influence on the development of later generations.

First, the period of observation of the time our ancestors, living in China's vast land, people in their own production and living practices, and gradually found that the sun, the moon and the stars of the rise and fall of the hidden, the natural world of the summer and the summer, the prey of the emergence of the plants and plants, such as Rongshei and other natural phenomena, for the survival of mankind has a close relationship. So consciously observe and recognize these natural phenomena, in order to follow nature, to seek their own development, it became one of the first people interested in the issue, from which also gradually sprouted the bud of astronomical knowledge.

The sun is undoubtedly vital to people. The ancients used the sun as an objective basis for their work and rest time.

The sun in and out of the law caused by the alternation of light and darkness, must have given the pioneers a very deep feeling, so the sun in and out of the cycle of the "day", should be the earliest they recognized the time unit. Naturally, the moon's cycle of change, is another obvious and significant celestial phenomenon.

It is significant because the moon's light is a key element in the arrangement of people's nighttime activities. After a long period of observation and counting, people gradually realized that the cycle of the moon is about 30 days, which led to the creation of a longer unit of time "month".

For a longer unit of time "year" to recognize, to "day", "month" is much more difficult, but this is for people to produce and live a more significant meaning! But this is more significant for people's production and life of a cycle, because the cold and summer, rain and drought, as well as fishing, hunting, gathering and even agricultural production activities are not related to it. So, people have been on it for a long time to explore tirelessly.

By the weather - grass and trees, animal migration, in and out of the observation of the beginning, about the exploration of the length of the year's earliest method, followed by some astrological observations. The results of the latter were more accurate than those of the former.

According to legend, in the era of Emperor Zhuanxu, has set up a "fire is" (1) dedicated to the big Mars (heart of the second, Scorpio alpha star) to observe the big Mars at dusk right from the eastern horizon, as the beginning of the year, that is, the arrival of the spring of the year. From this, it is easy to deduce the length of the year.

This is the early form of our country's ancient observation and timing. According to research, this is about 2400 BC.

Also according to the "Shangshu - Yao Code" records, in the legendary Yao Emperor, "was ordered to Xihe, Chin as Haotian, the calendar like the sun, moon and stars, respectfully authorized people time. Its specific observation methods and results are: "the sun in the star bird, to Yin Zhongchun", "the day forever star fire, in order to correct the mid-summer", "the night in the star vain, to Yin Zhongqiu", the "Day short star Pleiades, in order to be in the middle of winter", that is, to observe the bird, fire, false, Pleiades four stars at dusk is in the south mid-sky day, to set out the spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice, in order to divide the four seasons of the year as the standard.

It is projected that this was an actual celestial event around 2000 BC. From the above records, we can also deduce that there was already a primitive kuai table, otherwise there would be no way for people to determine the southern center of the sky for a certain star.

At this time, the table was only used to determine the orientation, has not yet been used to determine the length of the sun's shadow. Observing the star south of the sky to determine the season, can reduce the horizon refraction and light penetration, etc., its accuracy is naturally higher than the observation of the star to come out.

In addition, from the "middle of the day" and "middle of the night" (referring to the equal division of day and night), "the day is forever" and "the day is short "(referring to the longest and shortest days, respectively), it can be seen that some kind of time-measuring device was already in use (this is also evidenced by the following record in the Xia Xiaozheng). All these show that this time has entered the era of observation and timing is quite developed.

The sign is: the observed stars have been increased from one to many, from the observation of the star rising in the east to the south center of the sky, and has used some instruments. What is more noteworthy is that the Yao Code also records that at this time, people had already adopted the "period of three hundred and sixty days and six days.

4. Astronomical knowledge in ancient China

Astronomy and agriculture

Astronomy in ancient China was very developed, and the calculation of the yearly cycle was already accurate to the second in the Song Dynasty. Some textbooks in China say that ancient astronomy was used to guide agricultural production. For this reason, I asked my grandmother, who was a farmer, for advice. My grandmother's knowledge of the yearly cycle was limited to the calculation of leap months in the lunar calendar and the 24 solar terms. She farmed firstly by following the trend and secondly by referring to the seasons, which meant that the error could be as much as half a month. Her knowledge of astronomy is limited to the story of the cowherd and the weaving maiden. "Agricultural production" far from the ancient Chinese as developed astronomy. In fact, as long as the reference to the weather, to see whether the willow tree has sprouted, and so on, it is enough to determine the appropriate time to sow seeds. If the frogs are going to move the solar calendar, every year to the time, regardless of the wind, rain and snow from the hibernation of the hole out, these astronomical frogs must not survive a spring cold.

Ancient Chinese astronomy is actually astrology

The stars in the sky will correspond to the emperor and ministers on the ground, and the movement of the planets, comets and so on are predictive of major events on earth. So it is said that "the sky hangs down the elephant". All generations of emperors, see certain celestial phenomena, will bow to self-reflection. Astronomy is also traditionally supported by the royal, at the same time by the royal monopoly. In the twenty-four histories, many of them are specialized in astronomical records, which are about how astronomical phenomena foretell the great events on earth. One thing to mention here is that modern meteorology, ancient times, also belonged to astronomy, is a part of the awe-inspiring celestial phenomena.

Modern astronomy is always "the origin, evolution, and fate of the universe", and the weather is more likely to want to predict and control. This is also the modern "exploration" and "control".

Ancient people say, "the gentleman fears the sky". Astronomical phenomena are just some signals that the sky shows to people, and when people know that they have violated the will of the sky, they have to correct it as soon as possible. How can the heavens be explored? Not to mention to control.

5. I would like to understand the knowledge of our ancient astronomical and astrological calendar

The concept of time in the Chinese cultural astrological calendar 2005-7-14 21:15:47 Unknown Unknown Read 86 times The distinction between the year, month, day, and hour: According to the Shangshu information, the Chinese history and culture, since the beginning of the Tang dynasty Yao, through the Yu Shun and Xia Yu, has long been adhering to the tradition of the ancient to the Taiyin calendar as the standard for determining the time. The Chinese culture of history has long followed the ancient tradition of using the Taiyin calendar as a benchmark for determining the standard of time.

The year is divided into twelve months; each month is divided into thirty days; each day is divided into twelve hours - Zi, U, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Huxu, Hai; and a time is divided into three moments. This astrological calendar concept of time, from a long time ago, rumored to have begun in the era of the Yellow Emperor, whether this is credible, another story.

But they are all based on the Taiyin (Moon), so the twelve symbols representing the twelve hours are called "Earth's branches". Expanding the application of the "Earthly Branches" symbols can also be used as a code for the year, such as the year of the son, the year of the ugly, and after the year of the Ohio, and then start for the year of the son, the year of the ugly, and other cyclical laws.

The distinction between the twenty-four solar terms: the ancient "astrological calendar", but also to the Sun in the celestial orbit as a standard. Therefore, the lunar calendar used in China in the past was actually a combination of the yin and yang calendars.

In addition to the twelve months of the year, a month of 30 days of the benchmark, according to the Sun in the celestial orbit and the weather on the ground of the changes and impact, and "spring, summer, autumn, winter" four seasons, the rate of twelve months. It is also equal to the "I Ching" "Qian Gua" hexagrams so-called "Yuan, Heng, Li, Ching" of the four virtues.

And in addition to the four seasons to unify the twelve months, and further division of its attribution in the seasonal meteorology, and divided into twenty-four festivals, such as "the winter solstice, small cold (December Festival), cold, spring (January Festival) rain, hibernation (February Festival) equinoxes, Ching-ming (March Festival), rain, summer (April Festival), small full, Mangsuo (May Festival) solstices, small summer (June Festival), heat, autumn (July Festival), white summer, white rain (July Festival), summer (July Festival). July festival) heatstroke, White Dew (August festival) Autumn Equinox, Cold Road (September festival) Frost, Lidong (October festival) Little Snow, Big Snow (November festival)" and other twenty-four names. The standard of these twenty-four seasons is based on the relationship between the sun and the earth's meteorology, not based on the surplus and deficit of the Taiyin (moon).

The division of the five weather and six qi: In addition to the four seasons to unify the twelve months, two? The first is a new one, and the second one is a new one. The first is the "Brewery", which is the name of the city. The first is the "Battle of the Birds", which is the first of its kind in the world. Five days for one," "three for one," "six for one" as the benchmark for the division of seasons and climate. According to this regulation, by extension, it can be used in thirty years for a world, sixty years for two worlds, with the "I Ching" cross lines to redraw the role of the hexagrams.

Zoom in on the small, can be used in the twelve hours of the day, quarter, minute and the subtle relationship between the number of seconds. This ancient astronomical meteorology and astrology, as well as the establishment of the calendar, although it is based on the Taiyin (moon) as the basis for the surplus and deficit, but at the same time, also with the Sun in the celestial line, as well as it and the moon, the Earth on the relevant seasonal changes.

But ancient Chinese astronomy and astrology, in addition to these, and then expand the "time" to the celestial and cosmic "space" to explore the cosmic time of the world's lifespan, not only is not complete, but also very poor. Only after the Qin and Han Dynasties, the gradual formation of astronomical and astrological formulas, strong with the Chinese geography of the "astrological field" of science, can barely say that it is the ancient Chinese culture of the "time" and "space" unity of the concept.

Unfortunately, this doctrine of the unity of "time" and "space" is still limited to the scope of China as the world, and there is still no knowledge of "time" and "space" beyond the four seas. In addition, the study of "astrological division" in Chinese geography is also a very far-fetched idea, and is not enough to be based on.

When young students read Chinese literature, they see that Wang Bo's "Preface to the Tengwang Pavilion" refers to "the wing and the square of the stars", and this is due to this concept of "astrological division". Shaozi's pioneering of the idea of "time" and "space" During the centuries from the end of the Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the infinitely expanding cosmic "time" and "space" concepts of Buddhism came into China, which made the cosmology of Chinese culture leap into a new realm.

But it is a pity that the cultural tentacles of Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties during the centuries always talked about metaphysical rationality in the realm of "philosophy of literature" or "literature of philosophy", and did not pay attention to this rare cosmology, and further explored the subtle relationship between the physical changes of the universe and the evolution of human beings. Even more, people at that time, limited to the scope of knowledge, but regarded it as absurd and not enough.

(Additional explanations about the cosmology and worldview of Buddhism must be made in a separate monograph in order to be more exhaustive.) It was not until the Northern Song Dynasty, starting with Shao Kangjie, that the Buddhist concept of forming the world into a world of "becoming, abiding, destroying, and emptying" was summarized, and then rubbed into the Idea of "surplus, emptiness, elimination, and growth" of "poverty, understanding, change, and transformation", which constitutes the "philosophy of history" of the "Imperial College of the Warring States Period", as well as the "historical view of the Idea of History".

In fact, Shao Zi's method of creating the "historical concept of Yijingshi", I think his intention is to keep it simple, hoping that everyone can understand it, and everyone can understand it at a glance. Therefore, they can "know the sky", "know the fate", "reverse the body and sincere" and the benevolence of the heart of the sky.

It's not that I'm trying to be cryptic, hoping that people after a thousand years will not be able to understand what I'm talking about. However, after the scholars of later generations have made more and more comments, it makes the study of Shaozi more and more confusing.

In Shao Kangjie's well-known book, "The Emperor's World", one of the most basic concepts is that he put the human world's historical life expectancy, according to the laws of the Ideological Elephant Number. A simple and easy-to-record formula is stipulated.

He named this formula. He called the formula "Yuan, will, luck, world".

Simply put, the year, month, day, and hour of the year as the basis. The so-called one yuan, that is, a year as a unit of representation.

There are twelve months in a year, with the beginning and end of each month. The so-called Hi-Shuo period is the time when the sun and the moon meet, so it is called Hai.

In other words, a year contains twelve meetings. In each month, the earth itself revolves thirty times, so one day contains thirty fortunes.

But there are twelve hours in a day, and each hour has thirty minutes. Therefore, one day contains twelve lives, and one life is summarized in thirty minutes.

Expanded, it constitutes "thirty years for a life, twelve, *** counting three hundred and sixty years for a movement. In thirty years, *** counts 1800 years as one, and in twelve years, *** counts 129,000 dry 600 years as one.

One dollar is the base of the formation of civilization on behalf of the world to the end of the destruction, the evolution of the process of the end of the middle of the process after the opening, it is divided into twelve meetings, each of which will be transported in the world.

6. Ancient Culture General Knowledge of Astronomy and Geography Comprehensive Study

On the classification of the structure of ancient Chinese culture, each school of thought has different standards and classifications: there are material and spiritual dichotomies; there are material, institutional, spiritual trichotomies; there are material, institutional, behavioral, mentality quaternary; and there are also material, social, spiritual, artistic, linguistic, and customary hexachotomy, etc. These divisions, although at different levels, are not the same. These divisions, despite their different levels, are all divided according to the development process of human creative culture from material to spiritual and from sensibility to rationality, and are applicable to the study and research of professionals. The study of ancient Chinese culture in textbooks for secondary school students should be divided according to the different educational functions.

The ancient cultural knowledge involved in the textbooks of Chinese language in secondary schools includes astronomy, geography, literature and art, philosophy and religion, political area and calendar, military and criminal law, yin and yang, family rituals and laws, music and art, food and clothing, car and horse crowns and covers, the foundation of culture, the political and economic system, the strategies of the wise ruler and the wise prime minister to rule the country, as well as the values and moral sentiments and so on, but since there is no textbook specializing in ancient Chinese cultural knowledge, these knowledge should be divided according to the different functions of education. But because the textbook does not specifically address the cultural knowledge of the text, this knowledge is scattered in the ancient text canon, the teacher is difficult to teach, students learn even more difficult, therefore, teaching should be dispersed knowledge of ancient culture according to the different functions of the education of different comb sorting and categorization, under each category of a number of points of knowledge to the text of an ancient cultural knowledge as a breakthrough to analyze the fan radiating expansion, to broaden the scope and to the depth of the development. Then explore the next knowledge point. This has three advantages: first, the fragmented knowledge in the text is categorized into a system to establish a chain of knowledge. Secondly, teachers can adopt a thematic approach when disseminating fragmented knowledge of ancient cultures. Third, it provides students with a research-based learning method to open their minds and develop good habits of learning.

7. Who has detailed information about the ancient Chinese astronomical calendar

The evolution of the ancient Chinese astronomical calendar China is one of the earliest countries in the world to develop astronomy.

Due to the needs of production and life, people have been observing astronomical phenomena since ancient times, and have accumulated more and more astronomical knowledge through successive generations, and gradually formed a rich and unique astronomical system. Ancient Chinese astronomy has been in the leading position in many fields in the world for a long time, and has written a glorious chapter in the history of astronomy in the world and the history of Chinese culture.

The most important part of ancient Chinese astronomy is the calendar, in other words, the calendar is the core of ancient Chinese astronomy. The ancient Chinese calendar is not simply about the arrangement of the calendar system, it also includes the sun, the moon and the earth, wood, fire, gold, water, the movement of the five planets and the position of the calculation; stellar position of the calculation; the daily noon shadow length and the length of day and night time of the projection; the sun and the moon eclipse forecast and so on a wide range of subjects.

In a sense, the compilation of the ancient Chinese calendar is equivalent to the modern compilation of astronomical calendars. To this end, China's ancient astronomers carried out a series of observations and research activities: such as the calendar of the subject *** with the starting point - the selection of the calendar element, the exposition of the concept of astronomy one after another, a variety of astronomical constants of the measurement, a variety of astronomical number of the preparation of the table, on the specific projection methods, astrometric methods and mathematical methods, the choice and improvement and so on. The first is to choose and improve the methods of calculation, astrometry, and mathematics, and so on.

These constitute the basic framework and main content of the ancient Chinese calendar. Of course, ancient Chinese astronomy also includes a wider range of content, such as the design and manufacture of ancient Chinese unique and sophisticated astronomical instruments, the discussion of the theory of the universe, and a series of celestial phenomena, especially strange celestial phenomena of the long-term systematic observation and recording, etc., which, along with the calendar, constitute the very colorful and varied system of ancient Chinese astronomy.

The ancient Chinese astronomical system went through a long evolutionary process of occurrence, development, perfection, decline, and finally integration into modern astronomy. The following six stages (i.e., the following six sections) are briefly described.

Astronomical knowledge before the Western Zhou This is a long period of history when astronomical knowledge began to sprout and initially accumulate. Due to the needs of production and life, from the observation of the stars, the movement of the sun and the moon, people gradually formed the concept of the length of time of the year, month, day and so on, which is closely related to these needs, and then produced the initial calendar system.

Due to the need for divination activities, people are extremely concerned about the changes in the sky, especially the emergence of anomalous sky, which also *** the importance of people's observations of the sky, and thus gradually formed the tradition of celestial phenomena record. All these have given a profound influence on the development of later generations.

First, the period of observation of the time our ancestors, living in China's vast land, people in their own production and living practices, and gradually found that the sun, the moon and the stars of the rise and fall of the hidden, the natural world of the summer and the summer, the prey of the emergence of the plants and plants, such as Rongshei and other natural phenomena, for the survival of mankind has a close relationship. So consciously observe and recognize these natural phenomena, in order to follow nature, to seek their own development, it became one of the first people interested in the issue, from which also gradually sprouted the bud of astronomical knowledge.

The sun is undoubtedly vital to people. The ancients used the sun as an objective basis for their work and rest time.

The sun in and out of the law caused by the alternation of light and darkness, must have given the pioneers a very deep feeling, so the sun in and out of the cycle of the "day", should be the earliest they recognized the time unit. Naturally, the moon's cycle of change, is another obvious and significant celestial phenomenon.

It is significant because the moon's light is a key element in the arrangement of people's nighttime activities. After a long period of observation and counting, people gradually realized that the cycle of the moon is about 30 days, which led to the creation of a longer unit of time "month".

For a longer unit of time "year" to recognize, to "day", "month" is much more difficult, but this is for people to produce and live a more significant meaning! But this is more significant for people's production and life of a cycle, because the cold and summer, rain and drought, as well as fishing, hunting, gathering and even agricultural production activities are not related to it. So, people have been on it for a long time to explore tirelessly.

By the weather - grass and trees, animal migration, in and out of the observation of the beginning, about the exploration of the length of the year's earliest method, followed by some astrological observations. The results of the latter were more accurate than those of the former.

According to legend, in the era of Emperor Zhuanxu, has set up a "fire is" (1) dedicated to the big Mars (heart of the second, Scorpio alpha star) to observe the big Mars at dusk right from the eastern horizon, as the beginning of the year, that is, the arrival of the spring of the year. From this, it is easy to deduce the length of the year.

This is the early form of our country's ancient observation and timing. According to research, this is about 2400 BC.

Also according to the "Shangshu - Yao Code" records, in the legendary Yao Emperor, "was ordered to Xihe, Chin as Haotian, the calendar like the sun, moon and stars, respect for the time of granting people". Its specific observation methods and results are: "the sun in the star bird, to Yin Zhongchun", "the day forever star fire, in order to correct the mid-summer", "the night in the star vain, to Yin Zhongqiu", the "Day short star Pleiades, in order to be in the middle of winter", that is, to observe the bird, fire, false, Pleiades four stars at dusk is in the south mid-sky day, to set out the spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice, in order to divide the four seasons of the year as the standard.

It is projected that this was an actual celestial event around 2000 BC. From the above records, we can also deduce that there was already a primitive kuai table, otherwise there would be no way for people to determine the southern center of the sky for a certain star.

At this time, the table was only used to determine the orientation, has not yet been used to determine the length of the sun's shadow. Observing the star south of the sky to determine the season, can reduce the horizon refraction and light penetration and so on, its accuracy is naturally higher than the observation of the star to come out.

In addition, from the "middle of the day" and "middle of the night" (referring to the equal division of day and night), "the day is forever" and "the day is short "(referring to the longest and shortest days, respectively), it can be seen that some kind of time-measuring device was already in use (this is also evidenced by the following record in the Xia Xiaozheng). All these show that this time has entered the era of observation and timing is quite developed.

The sign is: the observed stars have been increased from one to many, from the observation of stars rising in the east to the south center of the sky, and has used some of the apparatus.

The signs are: the stars observed have increased from one to many, and have used certain ware.