Is there anything particular about Spring Festival couplets?

It's time to post Spring Festival couplets again. Let's talk about Spring Festival couplets in this issue.

More than a decade ago, people often asked how to distinguish which side the upper and lower couplets and the door couplets should be posted. Everyone who asked later understood, and no one asked such a question again. However, it is necessary to talk about Spring Festival couplets here.

1. How to distinguish between up and down links?

Couplets consist of two lines of Chinese characters with the same number of words. Because it is two lines, it is called "a couplet". However, these two lines have special terms to refer to. Two lines are called "two comparisons" and one line is comparison.

First of all, it should be pointed out that there is no cross-criticism of couplets. Because the Spring Festival couplets are posted at the door, the lintel gives the Spring Festival couplets a place to post comments. Therefore, Spring Festival couplets only have horizontal approval. Don't add a cross-criticism every time you meet someone.

These two lines are "upper ratio" and "lower ratio" respectively. The upper ratio is "upper part" and the lower ratio is "lower part". Sometimes, we will meet someone who gives us a couplet to correct it. Then, the ratio given by the questioner is called "sentence" and the ratio you deal with is called "duality". At present, most people think that sentences are the upper part. In fact, this is a wrong understanding, because sentences can be the upper and lower parts, but also the lower and upper parts. For example, the sentence "Bamboo reports peace" is the bottom line, and the sentence "Flowers bloom with wealth" is the top line.

So, how to distinguish between up and down links? In the past, this problem was not a problem at all. In the past, primary school students read "The Rhyme of Rion" or "The Enlightenment of Tone". Teacher Xue must have taught children to rhyme honestly. Those children can distinguish the upper and lower couplets as easily as our children today can calculate 1+ 1=2. However, because our current basic education does not teach equality, most people in our country do not know what equality is, so it is difficult to distinguish between the upper and lower parts.

The upper and lower couplet is determined by the last word in each comparison: the last flat word is the upper couplet, and the last flat word is the lower couplet.

However, we don't know how to level. The simplest way is: the first one or two tones of pinyin are flat tones, and the third and fourth tones are linked tones. Of course, couplets generally use the ancient four tones (rising and falling) as the standard to judge the flat tone, but for most citizens, it is enough to judge it with the modern four tones (the first, second, third and fourth tones, that is, flat tone, rising tone and falling tone).

In the proportion of "flowers bloom with wealth", the last one is "expensive", and pinyin is the fourth sound of Guangxi, which is slander. Everything that ends in slander belongs to the first half, so "flowers bloom with wealth" is the first half.

The word "An" in the comparison of "Peace in Zhu Bao" is the first sound of An, which is a flat sound. Everything that ends in a flat tone is the bottom line, so "Peace in Zhu Bao" is the bottom line.

2. On which side is the upper part of the door attached?

This problem should be viewed from two angles: traditional culture and modern writing habits. The ancients wrote from right to left and from top to bottom. We regard our doorstep as a piece of paper, and I want to write on this "paper". Then, we will face this paper (door) and start writing from the right. In other words, the traditional couplets are posted on the right side and the left side is facing the door.

Spring Festival couplets, are they posted correctly?

In the above couplets, the fourth sound of "near" and the linking sound are the first couplet, which is posted on the right side facing the door; The first sound of "high" is the bottom line, which is posted on the left side facing the door.

But in recent years, there have been many ways to paste couplets in the north according to modern writing habits:

Spring Festival couplets, are they posted correctly?

This situation is called "mispasting couplets" here, because it deviates from traditional culture, and couplets are undoubtedly the inheritance of traditional culture. Posting according to modern writing habits is obviously not conducive to the inheritance of traditional culture. However, from left to right is the general trend, and we die-hards can't change it.

3. About Rusheng

We find that it is against the law to judge some flat tones in ancient poetry by using modern four tones. The four tones are obviously upper tones and lower tones, but they appear in the position of flat tones in poetry. Actually, those are entering tones. The four tones in ancient times (flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone) were divided into flat tones, and the rest were flat tones.

Cantonese is undoubtedly the fossil of ancient Chinese. As long as you can speak the vernacular (including Yangjiang dialect), you can easily distinguish the incoming sound from the outgoing sound, because the incoming sound is short and the airflow converges quickly. For example: supervision, promotion, welfare, ethics, etc. , but it is difficult to distinguish areas outside Guangdong.

The inheritance of our couplets includes its bones, flesh and hair, so couplets generally follow the ancient four tones.

Spring Festival couplets, are they posted correctly?

Above: The auspicious star shines high in the safe house, and the good scenery will always come to the recreation house. Comparing the two, Zhai's second sound and Jia's first sound are flat according to the modern four-tone theory, but according to the ancient four-tone theory, Zhai's voice is entering the tone. So the above picture is pasted correctly.

4. Illegal couplets

Because our basic education doesn't teach even and flat antithesis, most people in modern China think that couplets are two lines of Chinese characters with the same number of words, and that there must be horizontal criticism. In fact, couplets are the most rigorous literary genre. They collected almost all the basic knowledge of Chinese, such as the level of words, part of speech, phrase structure and even the division of sentence components. And there are many rules, which are far from being as simple as "two lines of Chinese characters with the same character". Many people who haven't studied couplets will be right, but they are all illegal.

(1) is flat and even.

Couplets say that the same syllable is flat and alternate (mainly syllables, two words are one syllable, and the flat and alternate of this syllable is determined by the flat and alternate of the last two words. )。 For example, "flowers bloom with wealth" is divided into two syllables: "flowers bloom with wealth". If bloom is flat, so is the sound of bloom. According to the principle of leveling, the next sound must be flat. "Abundance" is an oblique tone, and this paragraph is an oblique tone, which just meets the requirements of alternate leveling and leveling. If there are syllables below, the next syllable should be flat, the next syllable should be flat, and it should always be flat, flat.

Couplets require even numbers up and down, on the contrary. "Flowers bloom with wealth" is flush, so the lower ratio must be flush (this is the requirement of the workers, and the tolerance can be flush). Let's look at the next pair of couplets, "Zhu Bao Ping An" and even numbers and even numbers (. I saw on the Internet that many laymen also commented on couplets, saying that the first part was right "very neat" and that going to Qiu Lai in the spring was right. In fact, they just think it is neat when they see the right meaning, but in fact, couplets must conform to all the rules to be neat. The word "up" versus "down" mentioned above is "top-down" if it is at the bottom of the syllable. This is a foul. How can it be neat?

(2) are not allowed to separate from each other.

When I saw the phrase "spring flowers", I immediately thought of using "autumn moon" to correct it. The layman thinks it is "very neat", but if it is a couplet describing the scene, it is a foul. The mistake is that "the scene is separate" and couplets are not allowed. If your whole couplet is to express feelings, then "spring" can be used in "autumn", such as "autumn eyes", and you can compare your heart to spring flowers, because the whole couplet describes a person's appearance and heart, which can appear in the same scene at the same time. But if that sentence is "Autumn Lake" (Part II), it depicts the scene of a quiet lake in autumn. If you are interested in "Spring Breeze Blowing Willow" (Part I), it depicts a vibrant scene of spring, an autumn and a spring. They can't appear in the same picture at the same time-which season are you describing? This is the most illegal phenomenon of online pairing except leveling the law.

(3) Part of speech is equivalent

The parts of speech of the corresponding positions of the upper and lower couplets must be equal. The upper couplet "flower" and the lower couplet "bamboo" are all plant nouns, and nouns are nouns; The definition of part-of-speech equivalence is to connect "Kai" and "Bao", and to connect verbs with verbs.

(4) Phrases have the same structure

The first couplet "bloom" is the subject-predicate structure of noun+verb, and the second couplet "Zhubao" is also the subject-predicate structure of noun+verb. The first couplet "Fu" and "Gui" are juxtaposed as a couplet, and the second couplet "Ping" and "An" are also juxtaposed as a couplet.

There are many provisions in American law. Here are only four basic common sense. As for the more advanced words, such as ectopic words, they are not displayed. It can be said that the Spring Festival couplets on the market at present are illegal.

A. leveling is illegal

It is illegal to make couplets "Virtue is the blessing and harmony is the auspicious". According to the modern four-tone theory, the word "De" is flat, the word "Fu" is flat, and both tones are flat, which is against the law. According to the ancient four-tone theory, the word "de" enters the tone and the word "fu" enters the tone, and both tones are flat, which is also against the law.

B. Slogans and greetings should be used as couplets.

"Business is booming and financial resources are rolling in", which is the first part? According to the rules of couplets, the words should be uploaded, but according to the causal relationship, the business is prosperous before the financial resources can be expanded. Therefore, people regard "business is booming" as an online couplet. In addition, the upper and lower couplets of this couplet have different parts of speech and different phrase structures. So this is just a greeting, which is equivalent to auspicious words like "Congratulations on getting rich". This is not a couplet. However, with the abuse of couplets by people who don't understand them, this kind of greeting, like the kind of generous and virtuous greeting, has become a serious Spring Festival couplets. That's right, because the Spring Festival couplets themselves are greetings, only in the form of couplets.

Finally, let me talk about my views on the Spring Festival couplets that violate the law: traditional things will be constantly modified in the process of inheritance, and may eventually become unrecognizable. This is the inevitable result of the development of human society, and we should constantly adapt to its changes.

We all say "take a taxi" now, but why take that car? It's not that we have a grudge against cars, but that culture has mutated in the process of inheritance, just like you plant fruits with seeds of fruits. After several generations, the fruit has mutated-this is Darwin's theory of genetic variation. At first, we went for a ride. After the popularization of computer pinyin input method, people often make the mistake of "taking a taxi" when inputting "hitchhiking". Over time, all the behaviors of taking a car driven by others are defined as taking a taxi. In just over ten years, it has become a standard Chinese vocabulary. When you say you're hitchhiking, the younger generation will say you're wrong. You won't take a bus, so you can only fight hard.

Couplets are posted on the right side facing the door, but when everyone is posted on the left side, the ancient people posted them incorrectly. Couplets whose upper and lower proportions end in a flat tone or in a hyphen are very popular, so the law of couplets is wrong-because culture itself is conventional knowledge.