History of ancient glazing, urgent! Today to be!

The history of glaze: more than three thousand years ago, Xi Shi tears Legend has it that the ancient Yue period of the Tian Gong Fang glaze ancient system for Fan Li created, when it was also presented to the king of Yue, Xi Shi and Fan Li love story, so that the ancient method of glaze as a drop of Xi Shi's tears, adding a kind of poignant charm. In fact, Chinese glaze art has a history of more than 3,000 years, which can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. As early as in the Western Zhou and the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ancients in order to compare jade, gemstones on the creation of crystal clear, warm and smooth glaze art boutique. It is from the two river basin through central Asia into Gansu, in Gansu, Pingliang, Tianshui and other places, has unearthed the warring states era of lead and barium glass beads. Archaeological excavations show that in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, China's glaze art has reached a high level of achievement, unique in the ancient world of arts and crafts. Since the Han Dynasty, with the opening of the Silk Road and the communication and fusion of Chinese and Western cultures, Chinese glaze art has gained new development. In 138 B.C., a glass valley pattern jadeite unearthed in the Western Han Dynasty was a popular style during the Han Dynasty, proving that the Han Dynasty had already made larger glassware. In the Hebei Provincial Museum, on the array with the world-famous "golden strand of jade coat" unearthed with the Western Han glaze ear cups, which should be the earliest found in China with the wax casting method of production of finished products of glaze. Its light lake green color transmits a dark light, which is the delicate light from the glaze art of that era 2100 years ago. In 166 B.C., out of economic and diplomatic needs, the Eastern Han Dynasty was determined to seek direct diplomatic relations with Rome, and the Roman glazed cups (vessels) unearthed in China are the historical witnesses of cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the West. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the town of Yan Shen has been China's largest glaze production center in the north, where the production of horse teeth stone, purple stone, Lingzi stone, nitrate and dan lead, copper and iron and other ores, with the production of natural conditions of glaze. In the period of Kangxi and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, the establishment of the Palace Office, invited the western technicians to the palace to exchange, so that the glaze production was once revived. The decorative art of "overlay" was an innovation of the Qing Dynasty, and the forms and decorations were already various, and the style became more and more exquisite and gorgeous. In the following 300 years, the glaze was neglected again, until 1987, due to the efforts of Yang Huishan and Zhang Yi, the glaze creation in China opened up a remarkable situation in the history of the world's crafts. The glaze art of other countries in the world also has its historical tradition and unique charm. 19th century French people reproduced the lost dewaxed glass casting technique of Ancient Egypt more than 3,000 years ago under the name of "PATE-DE-VERRE Crystal Powder Dewaxed Casting", which once produced globally popular works of art. Chinese glaze, which is warm, smooth and translucent, is made of artificial crystal, and is produced by dewaxing casting method. Liuli in Poetry: Body Like Liuli, Clear Inside and Outside "May I, in my next life, when I attain Bodhi, have a body like Liuli, clear inside and out, and free from flaws and filth." This is a classic Buddhist saying from the Buddhist book Medicine Master Liuliguang Benwangjing, and Liuli has become one of the seven treasures of Chinese Buddhism. Yuan Zhen's poem "Chanting Glaze" of the Tang Dynasty describes "colored with cold ice, nothing separates it from dust", which conveys the glaze's glittering and alluring style. Zhang Lei, one of the Four Bachelor's of Song Su Men, has a song "Glazed Bottle Song for Chao Er": ten thousand gold beads like a rope, white night bright non-onyx fabrics. To have easy to no hundreds of goods pouring, room open jewels light out of the pillar. Non-stone non-jade color blue, Kunwu treasure iron carving spring ice. The surface of the inner hole in the virtual bright, Wanran and deep is a bottle. A baht garment of the real person of the Buddha, climbed his knees and sat at night in the flower rain flying. Tuluo's precious hand personally carried, Yangzhi get dew to save thirst and hunger? Among them, "? Tuo" that is, Putuo, "Duluo", Duluo Mian also, this describes the hand of the bottle, envisioning that the glass bottle was once a Yangzhi bottle in the hands of the Goddess of Mercy. "Carved spring ice", describing the glazed bottle to carve flowers for decoration; "wrapped in a hundred raids" cloud, see its thin also, "non-stone non-jade color blue", "table and inside Cave in the virtual bright", the quality of its Yingche and slightly pan Tianqing. Kong Pingzhong of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Hainan Bi Liuli Glass Bottle": "Holding a pale green jade, all day long to see no foot. Autumn is often in the eye, spring water is suddenly full of water. It is glittering and dust-free, and can clear the mind. If you have wine to pour from here, don't let the golden bottles be blasphemed against each other." Xu Curry of the Fifth Dynasty, "The County Marquis sits and watches the fish swimming in the glazed bottle," with the sentence, "The precious vessel is a vast expanse of silver water, and the golden scales are only moving that is, the first to know. It seems to connote the bright moon wave is separated, want to go on the light ice law has not been moved. The fog is so thin that it can be divided within a stone's throw, and the blue image is more than a millimeter away. It can be seen that the ancients celebrated the translucent texture of the glaze in verse, blended with the Buddha's mindfulness of leisure. Liuli has also become a kind of fashionable ornaments that represent a clear and clean heart, or a gift for friends, or an ornamental toy. Glaze Craftsmanship: From the Flame, to the Water Unlike foreign glazes, Chinese glaze is warm, smooth and translucent, and is made from artificial crystals by dewaxing and fine casting. This production process is lengthy, from the idea, design drawings, sculpture three-dimensional prototype to the completion of the work, need to go through dozens of process strict control can be completed, the whole process of about two months or more. "Fire, water," the expensive colored crystal material through the burning fire, in the water, there are dozens of steps in the exquisite polishing process, to achieve crystal clear, soft and clean surface texture. Pre-molding is very complicated, and must be a mold of one piece. A mold can only burn a piece of work, can not be used twice, large and complex works and even need to open the mold several times, burn to complete. The low success rate makes the works even more valuable and precious. The works are issued in limited edition globally, which makes each piece of work more valuable for collection. In the handmade, workers must master the exquisite technology to operate, each process has its own variable factors, and the process needs to be repeated experiments, the work of the color is not the same, the production of extremely difficult. Then high-temperature firing, selected raw materials at a high temperature of more than 1400 ℃ melted into a variety of colored crystal glass, and after a number of selected cleaning, according to the proportion of materials used in the works placed in the mold, and set up a strict curve of rising and falling temperatures, the furnace temperature must be controlled at 1000 ℃ ± 5 ℃ or less. Small pieces of work need to burn 1 to 2 weeks, large pieces of work or even months. During this time, the flow of the melted liquid colored crystals is difficult to control, but because of this, there is a different but unified style of glaze works. Liuli out of the furnace, need to have no less than jewelry production of a series of grinding, polishing and other processes, the emergence of a finished piece of Liuli need nearly 20 days to carve.