What is "Japanese feudal manor economic system"?

Japan's feudal economic system from Dahua reform in 645 AD to Meiji Restoration. Generally, it can be divided into three stages: early stage (mid-7th century to early 8th century), middle stage (early 8th century to late 16th century) and late stage (early 17th century to middle 19th century).

in the early and middle period, after the reform of the state system of law system based on citizens of commons, the basic characteristics of the early feudal economy were the state-owned land system of citizens of commons, the "Kubunden method" of giving and receiving farmland, and the squeezing of farmers' surplus labor by renting and renting. At the beginning of the 8th century, in order to increase the cultivated land, the Japanese government issued many decrees, such as "Three Life and One Body Law" (723) and "Private Property Law of Kenting Land for Yongnian" (743), etc., which encouraged the people to cultivate land and recognized the private ownership of cultivated land. Therefore, the powerful nobles and temple societies actively cultivated land and set up manors, which were called cultivated manors in history. With the development of private ownership of large land, the principle of citizens of the commons in the legal system was increasingly undermined. By the middle period of Ping 'an (the 1th century), a new land-offering manor appeared, which gradually replaced the cultivated manor and became the basic form of medieval manor. In order to get rid of the government's control and seek the privilege of exemption from classes, the local tycoons nominally donated the land ownership to the central tycoons or temple clubs and paid a certain amount of tribute, and then accepted the appointment of this nominal Lord (called the leader, the institute or the family), holding the actual Lord's right of the manor as the official (the manager of the manor). Immediately after the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, the system of "guarding" and "leaving the land" was established, and the original manor owner or his new hero was given a "fief" to establish his right to occupy the land. As a result, the manor system changed to the feudal system, and the feudal system was established. The official position of Zhuang was replaced by the land (warrior), and the system of integration of soldiers and farmers was established. The landlord has the authority to manage the manor land, control the villagers, collect the annual tribute service and the public security police, and is the actual dominator of the manor. The basic farmers of the manor are the owner and the worker. Names and owners are generally the same as paternalistic families including collateral families and slaves. On the one hand, he cultivated the land of the Lord, shouldering the annual tribute and corvee; on the other hand, he occupied a small number of famous fields (own land) and led the whole family to engage in farming. This kind of manor lords' land ownership and serf (owner) labor became the foundation of the feudal economy in the middle period.

in the late kamakura period, the manor lords sold part of the land rent in kind (rice) to the local market through merchants, and replaced the land rent in kind with money, which promoted the development of handicraft industry and commerce. During the Muromachi period in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, handicrafts and commerce became increasingly prosperous, and the local market developed from the original market twice a year in the spring and autumn to Sanzhai City or Liuzhai City three or six times a month. During the Warring States period, Shimonoseki and seaport cities also developed rapidly, and guild organizations (seats), plank houses (houses) and exchange businesses (rice and money) appeared.

Due to the development of productive forces and social division of labor, rural areas have been divided since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the identity of big families with names and owners tends to disintegrate, and the individual operation of small farmers has been strengthened day by day. At the same time, a new village organization (village) appeared. At the same time, due to the expansion of the guardian name to the manor, the manor is increasingly guarding and leading. As a result, it led to the disintegration of manor system and the formation of guardian country system.

The late period of Japanese feudal society, from Nobuyasu Oda (1534-1582) to the Mumuromachi shogunate (1573) to the Meiji Restoration (1868) and the Meiji abolition of vassals (1871), is generally referred to as the modern times in Japanese historiography. The basic feature of modern economy is the Mufan system based on the land ownership of Mufan (general) lords and the serf economy cultivated by small farmers. Under the Mufan system, the general was the highest feudal Lord in the country, held the national political power, and had the right to change and transfer the fief of Daming. The retainer obtained the land from Daming, but he had to live in the city separately from the land, entrust the land to farmers for management, and collect the annual tribute centered on rice. The small farmers who managed this land were monogamous, called the local people, and each household got about one step of land. They are fixed on the land, and they are not only responsible for land rent and corvee, but also subjected to a series of super-economic coercion, such as prohibiting the sale of land, restricting land share and restricting planting. Farmers' production activities are carried out in the village, which is both a production unit and a unit that pays annual tribute.

Modern economy is a natural economy based on landlords exploiting farmers' land rent in kind, but landlords must sell the obtained goods to buy other necessities. At the same time, Daming has to sell his income in kind because he has fulfilled his obligations to the general, such as attending the pilgrimage and serving in the army, and bears a number of overseas expenses. In order to make it easier for Daming to sell Migu, the shogunate set up Osaka, a national central market, and privileged businessmen and trade associations (Zhuzhongjian) appeared. This relatively developed commodity currency economy is an indispensable economic pillar of the Mufan system. At the same time, with the partial disintegration of the self-sufficient economy of the local people and the commercialization of surplus products in modern times, the commodity economy in rural areas has also developed day by day. In the 18th century, in order to increase income, the shogunate implemented the commercial control policy and confirmed the merchant associations in Edo, Osaka and Kyoto. At the same time, the policy of developing industry by means of reproduction was implemented, and farmers were allowed to engage in sideline business to strengthen land rent. The result of the development of commodity economy has fundamentally shaken the economic foundation of the Mufan system.

in the 19th century, the economy of the Mufan was in a serious crisis. Although the shogunate tried to reform many times, it was fruitless. The feudal economy was disintegrating day by day, and finally, with the opening of Hong Kong as an opportunity, the reform movement broke out.