Ask for detailed knowledge of wine making and tasting, with emphasis on wines made in Germany.

Overview of wine: the output is about one tenth of that of France, accounting for about 3% of the world's output. About 85% is white wine, and the remaining 15% is rose wine, red wine and sparkling wine. German liquor is fruity, sweet and refreshing, with low alcohol content. Especially suitable for people who don't drink much and novices. Different wines have their own characteristics.

Germany is famous not only for beer, but also for wine. The grape planting area in Germany is about 6,543,800 hectares, and the annual output of wine is about 1 100 million liters, mainly white wine, accounting for about 87% of the total output. The variety is very rich, including general semi-sweet and light-fragrant white wine, mellow and expensive putrid wine, and ice wine with unique techniques.

Famous producing areas: mainly the Rhine River and its tributary, the Moser River. A bottle of wine is green and a bottle of Rhine wine is brown. Rhine wine tastes stronger.

Germany's wine producing areas are located between 47 degrees and 52 degrees north latitude, which is the northernmost boundary of the world's wine producing areas. Although the planting environment is not good, with the unique customs and superb brewing technology of the Germans, it has also produced top wines comparable to France and become a model wine in cold regions.

The characteristics of German wine in German grape producing areas first come from the unique producing areas and climatic conditions. Most of the grapes here are planted in valley areas, starting from Lake Constantine along the Rhine River and its tributaries in the south, reaching Bonn-Mitterrand Rhine in the north, the French border area in the west and the Elbe River in the east. The whole German wine-producing area is divided into thirteen specific grape-growing areas, such as Mo Ze-Saar-Leuven, rheingau, rheinhessen, Ultenburg, Baden and Faz. Each producing area has its own specialty. The wines produced in the northern region are generally light and delicious, fruity, elegant and refined, and have fresh fruit acid. The wine produced in the south is fruity, and sometimes it tastes stronger without losing moderate acidity. The most common German wines come from four main producing areas, Mosel-Sal-Leiwu, rheingau, Rheinhessen and Pfalcz:

1. Mosul-Saar-Revur (Mosul)

The Moser River originated in Frege Mountains in France. After flowing out of France northward, it became the natural border between Germany and Luxembourg. It winds 245 kilometers along the western German border and finally flows into the Rhine River in koblenz. As a tributary of the Rhine, the Moser River is also composed of several tributaries, and the Saar River and the Gerur River are the two major tributaries of the Moser River system. Water is very important for the cold northern region. The temperature can be adjusted in cold winter, and the reflection of the water surface is also very beneficial to grape planting. In the cold north, every ray of sunshine is precious to grapes.

Moser-Sal-Gerur is recognized as one of the best white wine producing areas in Germany, generally referred to as Moser. The soil here is mostly slate, and almost all vineyards are located on steep banks, with a slope of more than 60 degrees. Manual operation is the only feasible way here, and vines must be guided independently to adapt to such steep slopes. There are 65,438+02,809 hectares of vineyards in the whole region, of which 54% are cultivated by Riesling, 22% by Mueller Segao and 9% by Erbring. There are six sub-production areas (Bereiche) in the production area, namely Zell/Mosel, Bernkastel, Obermosel, Saar, Ruwertal and Moseltor. It is also divided into 19 wine Einzellagen and 525 single vineyards.

In the Mosel-Saar-Gerouer region, the climatic conditions on both sides of the Saar River are the worst, but there is Egon Muller, the most exquisite but also the most expensive German wine manufacturer. The famous wineries in Mosel region include Dr. Loosen, Johann Josef Prum and rising star Selbach Oster. Moser's wines are exquisite and elegant, usually packed in green straight bottles, and the alcohol content rarely exceeds 10%, usually between 7.5% and 8%.

2. rheingau (rheingau)

The area of vineyards in rheingau is not large, only 3,288 hectares, but it produces world-class wines. There is only one sub-production area (Bereich) in rheingau, namely "Mount John", which is considered as Riesling's real hometown. Many Riesling wines in the United States will use the name of Riesling in Johannesburg on the label, which has proved that it is an authentic Riesling variety. The whole area is also divided into 10 wine village and 1 19 single vineyard. Riesling is planted in 8 1% of the vineyard area, but in recent years, the planting of red grape varieties, especially Pinot Noir, which is called Spatburgunden in Germany, has increased dramatically, and the current area has reached 9% of the grape planting area in rheingau (also reported as 1 1%).

Compared with Moser white wine, rheingau white wine is heavier in color, fragrance, taste and body. If Moser's wine is Mozart, then rheingau's wine is like Beethoven. The wine is also straight, but the color is brown. The top wineries in this area include: Johannesburg Castle, Wallard Castle, Weingut Robert Weil, Weingut George Brewer and so on. In recent years, rheingau's wines have been criticized for their high prices and declining quality, but the famous wineries here still maintain a high standard. From 65438 to 0994, the semi-official vineyard grading system was implemented in this area. Dry wines from the best vineyards above Auslese grade can use the name "Erstes Gewachs".

3. Pfaar

Pfalz originally meant "palace" and was named after the Roman emperor Augustus built a palace here. This area used to be called Rhine Falc "Falc Rhine", with a vineyard area of 23,804 hectares, which is the second largest grape producing area in Germany. 77% of them are white wine. There are many varieties of grapes planted here, among which Riesling and Muller Segao each account for 265,438+0%, Kner accounts for 65,438+00%, Portuguese accounts for 9%, Silvana accounts for 8%, and Sherebe accounts for 6%.

There are three sub-producing areas in Pfaar: Mithat, Wein Street in Germany, Wein Street in Suderichen, 25 wine villages and 333 single vineyards. The best Pfaar wines come from vineyards in the northern part of the region, where Riesling and Mueller Segal grew. A large number of varieties such as Girba Na are planted in the south, with high yield and a large number of wines of average quality.

4. rheinhessen (rheinhessen)

Rheinhessen is the largest German wine producing area, with 26,372 hectares of vineyards. Among them, 23% planted Muller Thurgau, 65,438+03% planted Silvaner, 9% planted Riesling, 9% planted Scheurebe, and 8% planted Kerner and Bacchus respectively. There are 3 sub-producing areas: Bine, Niestein and Wangnegao, 24 wine villages and 434 single vineyards.

Rheinhessen is mostly fertile and flat land, so Scheurebe, Kerner, Bacchus and Muller Thurgau, which are easy to grow and have high yield, account for more than a quarter of the grape planting area. The quality of the wine produced here is also average, and the most representative one is Liebfraumilch. But there are also some high-quality wines, which are concentrated in Nielsteim, Nakenheim and oppenheim villages, and are called "the former Rhine".

The first four producing areas account for the largest proportion of German wine exports, which are often seen in the international market, while the last nine producing areas are not only relatively small, but also have a small export volume, which is not very common in the international market:

5.Ahr (Ahr) has only 632 hectares of vineyards, including red grape Spatburgunder (accounting for 52% of the total area) and Portugieser (accounting for 18% of the total area), white grape variety 1 1% Muller Thurgau and 9% Riesling. The wine produced is mainly consumed locally. There is a sub-producing area in this area: Walporzheim/Ahrtal, 1 wine village and 43 single vineyards. The styles of red wine range from warm to silky. Although it is difficult to compare with Pinot Noir in Burgundy, Spabergdern here also has a good sense of elegance and exquisiteness. The Riesling wine here is fresh and has good acidity.

6. There are 662 hectares of vineyards in Mittheim, of which 75% are Riesling and 8% are Mueller Segal. There are two sub-producing areas: Loreley and Siebengbirge, 1 1 wine village and 1 12 single vineyard. Because of its geographical location in the north and the cold climate, the acidity of liquor is quite high. Mittheim is a scenic place surrounded by beautiful castles along the Rhine River, but the wine here is not the main source of income because of its low price, and abandoned vineyards abound.

7. He Na, He Na is located between rheinhessen and Moser, so the wine produced also has the characteristics of these two regions. The soil structure in He Na is very diverse. There are 4,665 hectares of vineyards in the whole area, of which Riesling accounts for 26%, Mueller Segao accounts for 23%, and Girba accounts for 1 1%. 1 Sub-producing area: Nakhtar, 7 wineries and 323 single vineyards. He Na's wines combine delicate high-acidity fruit flavor with mineral and spice flavor, which has good complexity and reasonable price.

8. Baden

Baden is one of the three major producing areas in Germany, with 1637 1 hectare of vineyards. About one third of them grow red grapes, most of which are Spatburgunder, accounting for 26% of the total planting area, while 33% grow Muller Thurgau, 9% grow Grauburgunder and 9%. Baden has 8 sub-producing areas: Badische Bergstrasse Kraichgau, Tauberfranken, Bodensee, Markgraflerland, Kaiserstuhl, Tuniberg, Breisgau, Orfenau, 65,438+06 wine villages and 3,565,438+0 single vineyards.

Baden is the southernmost wine producing area in Germany, located between the upper reaches of the Rhine Valley and the Black Forest, with a warm climate and a relatively high proportion of red wine. Most of the wine here is dry wine with international flavor. Baden people have the habit of drinking wine, and the per capita annual wine consumption is half higher than the German average.

9. Franken The Franken region is located in the east of Frankfurt and is dominated by white wine. * * *, there are 6078 hectares of vineyards, of which 46% are planted with Muller Thurgau, 20% with Silvaner, and 1 1% with Bacchus. There are three sub-producing areas: Mainviereck, Main Dreieck, Steigerwald, 23 wine villages and 2 12 vineyards. Unlike other places in Germany, most of the wines here are dry white wines with a heavy body and a compound taste of earth. High-quality wine is packed in a unique flat round bottle named Bocksbeutel. Wines in Franken are hard to find outside Germany, and the price is more expensive, but they are really unique, especially the Girba and Riesling dry white wines here.

10. Wü rttemberg Wü rttemberg is the largest wine producing area in Germany and one of the few wine producing areas in Germany with a higher output than white wine. Wü rttemberg * * owns 1 1204 hectares of vineyards, including 24% Riesling, 22% Trollinger, 16% Schwarzschilling, 9% Kerner, 9% Mueller Segao and 6% Lunberg; ; There are 6 sub-producing areas: Remstahl-Stuttgart, Wü rttemberg-Antelin, Kocher-Jagster-Taubel, Berisher-Boden Lake, Wü rttemberg-Boden Lake, Oberlenecka, 16 wine villages and 205 single vineyards. It's farther south and the climate is warmer, but the locals seem to prefer bland red wine.

11.Hessiche Bergstrasse There are only 469 hectares of vineyards in this area, 56% of which are planted with Riesling, and 15% are planted with Mueller Segao. There are two sub-producing areas: Starkenburg and Umstadt, as well as three wine villages and 23 single vineyards. The wine in this area is mainly white wine, which is very rich but has low acidity and is mainly used for local consumption.

12. Saale-Unstructure Before, this area was located in East Germany. After the reunification of Germany, this area became a part of Germany. There are 390 hectares of vineyards in this area, 80% of which are white grapes, 37% of which are Muller Thurgau and 28% are Silvaner. Produce very good dry white wines of QbA and Qmp-Kabinett grades. There are two sub-producing areas in the producing area: Maison and elster Tal, four wineries and 17 single vineyard.

13. Saxony, also known as Elbutal, used to be in East Germany, and now it is the northernmost producing area in Germany. There are only 300 hectares of vineyards in the producing area, of which 38% are planted with Mueller Segao and 65,438+05% are planted with Vaisburg roots. There are two sub-producing areas: Thuringia and new castle Castle, four wine villages and 65,438+08 single vineyards. 90% of the wines here are medium-bodied dry white wine and sparkling wine Sekt. Most of them are also for local consumption.

Quality grades of German wines

The quality grade of German wine is Grade 4:

High quality wine

credentials

Country catering wine (Landwein)

Catering wine (Tafelwein)

Quality wine:

High-quality wine is the highest quality grade among German wines, accounting for more than 30% of German wine production. This wine is elegant and noble, suitable for storage. In this wine, grapes are divided into six grades according to maturity and corresponding quality:

Cabinet is the clearest wine in the world, made from fully mature grapes.

Spatlese is made from grapes that ripen in late autumn.

Auslese is made from high-quality grapes specially selected by hand and is called noble wine.

Berries of high-grade wine (Beerenauslese) are precious and rare, selected from every hand-picked high-quality ripe grape, with unique fragrance, honey and wine flavor.

The production method of Eswein is quite similar to that of berry wine, but the difference is that the grapes used to make this wine are picked and squeezed in ice state, and the wine has unique quality and excellent natural sweet and sour flavor.

Trockenberenauslese is an outstanding contribution of German wine industry. This wine is made from grapes that are almost raisins. It is sweet, charming and incomparable.

Special point of view: German wine has two characteristics. First, because of the cold climate, in order to make the grapes fully mature, the harvest time is generally late, which makes the wine have a fresh and lively sour taste, sometimes supplemented by sugar; Another feature is that one-tenth of the harvested grapes are usually made into grape juice without fermentation and stored in high-pressure tanks, and then mixed with these juices when bottling. The wine brewed in this way has an elegant fruity aroma, and the alcohol concentration is usually not high, which is very suitable for people who taste wine for the first time. Germany is the hometown of Riesling. The wine brewed from this grape is fragrant and refreshing, and now it has become synonymous with elegant wine with distinctive features.