What generation of kilns is the Gao kiln? What are the characteristics of the porcelain produced?

Ge Kiln is one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, known for its patterns. The Ming Dynasty "Gegu Essentials" has this description: "the kiln pattern to take ice cracks, eel blood for the top, plum blossom piece of ink pattern is second. Fine and broken lines, also under the lines." Its characteristics can be summarized as follows: black tire thick glaze, purple mouth and iron feet, glaze open size flakes. Unfortunately, the kiln site of Song Ge kiln, so far has not been discovered, we only from the heirloom works to interpret the history of Ge kiln. Brother glazed porcelain is an important feature of the glaze flakes, which is a natural cracking phenomenon that occurs in the glaze. Cracking was originally a defect in the firing of porcelain, and then people mastered the law of cracking, consciously let it produce open flakes, thus creating a unique aesthetic. Song dynasty brother glaze porcelain glaze, glazed body glaze is thick or shallow two kinds of lines intertwined cut, the term called "ice crack", commonly known as "gold wire". Brother kiln porcelain soil veins slightly purple, thin, oil gray, beige, pinkish green three kinds of glaze color, the surface is full of cracks. Because of the high iron content of the soil, oxidation occurs when firing embryo, porcelain embryo was purple and black iron color, the bottom of the porcelain is not glazed to show the original iron color of the porcelain embryo, called the "iron foot", and the glaze of the mouth of the thin purple, called "purple mouth", commonly known as the "purple mouth iron foot". "Purple mouth iron foot". Generally speaking, the small open piece of large ware and small ware large open piece is quite valuable. Because of the brother glazed porcelain is meticulous, exquisite, later generations have imitated it. Especially in the qing dynasty, there is also a high tide of imitation brother glaze porcelain. To the late Qing Dynasty, brother glaze is obviously not as good as the early Qing Dynasty, the color is getting darker and darker, more and more fine and crumbly, the glaze even appeared uneven pimples glaze, the tire quality also became loose. According to legend, during the Song Dynasty, the Longquan Zhang brothers were each in charge of their own kiln, and the brother was known as Ge Kiln, one of the famous kilns of the Song Dynasty. The name of the kiln was first seen in the early Ming Dynasty during the Xuande period of the book "Xuande Dingyi Spectrum", the inner library of the collection of "Chai, Ru, official, brother, Jun, Ding". Jiajing forty-five years of publication and engraving of the "seven repair class manuscripts continued manuscripts," said "brother kiln and Longquan kiln are out of Longquan County, State; the Southern Song Dynasty, there are Zhang Sheng a, Sheng two brothers each master of a kiln, Sheng a potter for the brother kiln, to the name of the name is also, Zhang Sheng two potter for the Longquan, to the name of the place is also. Their colors are green, varying in intensity; their feet are iron color, also varying in intensity. Old heard of purple feet, now less seen, but the soil veins fine, pure glaze color is the most expensive; brother kiln is more broken lines, said 100 pole broken"; "in the state of the province" also contains: "from its brother its life a, the kiln, are water white broken lines, the number of 100 pole broken, also crowns when the world", cao zhao "gegu to the theory", "the old brother kiln color blue, green and light varies; its feet are iron color, also varying in thickness. "the old brother kiln color green, thick and light varies, there are also purple mouth iron foot".

Lan Pu in the Qing dynasty, "Jingdezhen pottery record" volume six "town imitation of the ancient kilns in the examination of" the brother kiln records, brother kiln, burned in the Song dynasty, the Longquan Liutian kiln, in the state of the people of the chapter of the family name of the brothers sub-built, the elder brother was born, when the other ceramics, said the brother kiln. The soil veins fine purple, the quality is quite thin, the color of the green color varies. There are purple iron feet, more broken lines hidden cracks such as caviar. Glaze but beige, powder green two kinds, juice pure expensive, Tang dynasty "daikou" cloud: ancient brother kiln ware, texture of hidden lines such as tortoise, ancient kiln, texture of hidden lines such as crab claws; broken ware grain is the size of the broken pieces. Ancient brother ware color good class official, also known as the 100 pole broken, today but identify the hidden lines of ear, and cloud juice glaze is not as good as the official kiln."

The Qing Dynasty "South Kiln Notes" "Brother Kiln" article records: that is, the name of the chapter kiln, out of Hangzhou after the Daguan, chapter brothers, in the state, the industry of ceramics, stealing to do in Xiu Nei Temple, so the glaze is like the official kiln. Pattern pieces of coarse and hard, hidden in ink paint, alone into a Zong glaze color, but also fat, there are pinkish green, moon white, light tooth color several kinds. There is also a deep beige for the brother kiln, not precious. Between the Xinan kiln, Shangshan kiln as if the lace, are exposed to the bone, but also good. Today's do brother kiln, with a daughter of Ling glaze with mulberry stone not, between the considerable, iron bone is added to the coarse material with its black. As a result, brother kiln iron foot, glaze glistening more broken lines, style features close to similar to the Southern Song official kilns. Brother kiln ware to pattern piece is famous, which is mostly black and yellow, commonly known as gold wire iron wire.

On the gold wire there is a legend: according to legend, Longquan County in the Song Dynasty, there is a very famous porcelain artist, surnamed Zhang, the name of the village root, he is the father of the legendary Zhang Sheng one, Zhang Sheng two. Chapter of the root of the village is known for its expertise in making celadon, raw one, raw two brothers since childhood with their father to learn the art, the oldest chapter of a generous, willing to learn, hard work, y its father's authenticity, chapter raw two also have a great skill in the body. After the death of chapter village root, brothers separated, each open kiln factory. The oldest Zhang Sheng a kiln factory opened for the brother kiln, the oldest Zhang Sheng two kiln factory opened for the brother kiln. Both brothers made celadon porcelain, and both had their own successes. But the oldest skill is superior, burned "purple mouth and iron foot" celadon, a moment full of fame, its reputation to the emperor, the dragon face is very pleased, named to chapter Sheng one of its burnt celadon. The second heart of small, jealous, while his brother did not pay attention to the clay thrown into the glaze of the chapter of a cylinder, the oldest with the clay mixed with the glaze applied to the blanks, fired after a kiln, he was stunned, full of kiln porcelain surface glaze all cracked, cracks are large and small, long and short, thick and thin, curved and straight, and different shapes, some like fish, some like willow leaves, some like crab claws. He wanted to ware no tears, after a painful thought, he regained his spirit, he made a cup of tea, put the strong tea coated in porcelain, cracks immediately into tea-colored lines, and put the ink on it, cracks immediately into the black lines, so that, inadvertently formed a "gold wire". Main features First, the glaze of the glaze is a non-glossy glaze, like "ghee"-like luster, colorful hues, beige, powder green, milky white colors.

The second, "gold wire" pattern, brother kiln glaze has a net-like openings, or overlapping as if the ice cracks, or into a small dense openings ("commonly known as a hundred garbage crushed" or "tortoise pattern"), with the "gold wire" pattern, the "gold wire" pattern, and the "gold wire" pattern, with the "gold wire" pattern. "), to" gold wire "is typical, that is, the thicker Liu black cracks intertwined with fine red and yellow cracks.

Third, "poly foam save beads" like bubbles in the glaze, brother kiln ware is usually very thick glaze layer, the thickest part of even equal to the thickness of the tire, the glaze contains bubbles, such as beads hidden, like "poly foam save beads" like the beauty of the rhyme, this is to identify the true brother kiln ware of a traditional method. This is a traditional method of identifying genuine and fake Ge kiln ware.

The fourth, "purple mouth iron foot" style, most of the body is purple-black or brownish-yellow, the mouth of the vessel mouth edge of the glaze is thin due to the hidden lines to reveal the color of the tire and was yellow-brown, while in the bottom of the foot is not hanging glaze at the presentation of the black iron, which can be summarized in the reason why there is a "purple mouth iron foot! "This is also one of the traditional methods of distinguishing between genuine and fake Ge kiln wares. Appraisal method First of all, Ge kiln ware must have the well-known "gold wire", "purple mouth and iron foot". The former is the distinctive cracks of the kiln, large lines for the "iron line", some blue, large lines in the set of small lines for the "gold wire", some do not necessarily show gold, large lines of small lines known as the "face of the garbage broken ", it should be dense but not sparse, curved but not straight; the latter is the more special tire color of the kiln reveals, but the two are often as fish and bear's paw, as can not get both. Porcelain tire full glaze ware have "purple products" and no iron foot. Iron foot should be the tire itself unglazed color. Iron foot such as a man-made black glaze, its authenticity is questionable, and "seven repair class manuscripts continued" recorded in the "foot are iron color" is contrary.

Secondly, brother kiln is a celadon series, glaze color for the green glaze, varying intensity, there are pinkish green, white, grey, green and yellow colors, due to kiln changes, glaze more than two or more colors, non-human subjective will. There are two kinds of tires: porcelain and sand, with fewer patterns and no yearly mark. Tire color has black gray, dark gray, apricot yellow, light gray and so on. Glaze surface is not polished, but there is a layer of light such as ghee, glaze darker turbidity is not transparent, the glaze layer thickness is not uniform, dip the glaze standing burner, the foot of the glaze is the thickest, some up to 4 millimeters. Its firing method for the foot of the foot support nail burning or foot cushion cake burning, the latter can obviously see the traces of the pad round cake firing.

Once again, the foot of the kiln is also quite special, the foot of its narrow and flat bottom edge, not wide and thick concave-convex, the foot wall deep and long, the foot outside the wall is shallow and short, it is difficult to pick up with your fingers.

Finally, the most important, the most wonderful, the most commendable, but also the most neglected feature of the Ge kiln, the so-called "save the beads and balls". Ceramics predecessor Sun Yingzhou in his "identification of Yuan, Ming and Qing porcelain" article has long said, "such as the official, brother glaze bubble of the dense like saving beads, ...... these are not easy to imitate the characteristics, can be used as a clue to the division of the era." Obviously, "save beads" refers to the glaze of the kiln ware bubble dense like a small water droplet, full of objects in the inner wall and the outer wall or the inner body and the outer body. But Sun said more generally, in fact, the real kilns in the glaze bubbles not only "save beads", but also shows a "save beads" slightly larger than the "poly ball". The ball is larger than the ball, that is to say, brother kiln has a different size of the two bubbles, the arrangement of the form is not intermixed staggered, but more neatly arranged together. Poly ball bubble than save the number of bubbles much less, generally arranged in a circle in the inner wall of the object, like a very thick ring. "Saves the bead to gather the ball" it is deservedly divided into true and false Ge kiln an essential and important basis.