What are the types of porcelain? What are the characteristics?

Types of one, underglaze color Colorful decorations presented on the surface of the porcelain glaze for the underglaze color. Under the glaze is characterized by colorful picture is not exposed to the outside world, but in the transparent glaze cover, neither in the process of use will not be worn and corrosion, but also does not cause staining or pollution hazards. China's traditional underglaze is the earliest of the Three Kingdoms and the North and South Dynasties period of high-temperature porcelain underglaze, with black and brown color paintings of magical figures or neatly arranged color spots for decoration. At this time, although the green glaze and color presentation is not too exquisite, but in the process is an innovation. Next is the underglaze color of Changsha kiln in the Tang Dynasty, and the underglaze brown color of Yue kiln in the Late Tang and Fifth Dynasties. Changsha kiln underglaze color is the surface of the green and yellow glaze porcelain showing brown-green or blue-green paintings of landscape figures, flowers and birds or inscriptions. This method of decoration has had a profound impact on the development of ancient colored porcelain in China. Magizhou kiln in the Song dynasty is China's northern folk porcelain kilns in the first firing underglaze color one of the important porcelain kilns. According to archaeological investigations, Hebei to Guantai and Pengcheng as the center of the kiln area, as well as Henan Hebi kiln, Yuxian Pacun kiln and Dengfeng kiln, Xiuwu's Dangyangyu kiln, Shanxi Jiexiu kiln, etc., are produced underglaze black colored porcelain. Ware surface for the white ground black flower decoration or underglaze black colored scratch flowers, green glaze underglaze black flowers, white glaze underglaze sauce flowers. The development of underglaze color in the northern magnet state kiln system for the yuan, ming, qingdezhen painted porcelain development laid the foundation. Yuan, Ming, Qing dynasty blue and red glaze is the most prominent underglaze colored porcelain in the history of China's ceramic development, but also the traditional famous porcelain of Jingdezhen. Blue and white porcelain in the yuan dynasty reached a mature stage, the ming and qing dynasties a large number of firing. Glazed red in the yuan dynasty for the initial stage; Ming dynasty glazed red heirlooms are very few; Qing dynasty glazed red firing technology has been very mature, production has increased. Qing dynasty underglaze color in the glaze also created in the Kangxi period, the glaze three colors, the late Qing dynasty Xuantong period of underglaze five colors. Second, the glaze colorful decorations presented on the surface of the porcelain glaze above the glaze for the glaze color. The characteristics of overglaze color in the decoration from simple to complex, color from one to many, not only bright and shiny colors, while decorative art stronger. Chinese traditional porcelain with overglaze color, the earliest is the six dynasty period of point color decoration. This point of color in the late Western Jin Dynasty appeared, to the Eastern Jin Dynasty when the general application. Brown pointillism was still popular during the Southern Dynasty. According to archaeological findings, yellow glaze green color and white glaze green color appeared in the Northern Dynasty. These simple decorations broke the early green glazed porcelain clear color tone. Really in the porcelain glaze painted pattern decoration, is in the Song and Jin dynasties in the northern porcelain kilns, such as the Ding kiln of gold color depiction of flowers, magnetic state kiln glaze white ground black flowers, brown flowers, Shanxi, Henan and other places of black glaze rust flowers, Jin Dynasty glaze red and green color, five colors, and so on. There are also gold-colored depictions of flowers from the Jizhou kilns in the south. These Song, Jin period of north and south glaze painting on the later Jingdezhen colored porcelain development of a large number of also had a great impact. After the Yuan Dynasty, by the influence of the Jin Dynasty colored porcelain, color gradually enriched, from one to many. Yuan dynasty magnetic state kiln colored porcelain, jingdezhen kiln colored porcelain, in addition to red, yellow, green color and the emergence of gold color, peacock blue color. To the Ming dynasty Jingdezhen glaze color began to develop, from the glaze single color to the glaze color, extremely rich. In the single color glaze, red color, green color and gold color is more prominent. Qing Dynasty glaze further development, the creation of enamel, pastel, rouge color, ink color, light red color, as well as a variety of colors on the glaze with color. Third, the blue and white color blue and white is China's traditional porcelain, for a large class of colored porcelain, is under the glaze. With blue and white and other glaze color combination of colored porcelain is extremely rich, such as blue and white gold color, blue and red color, blue and green color, blue and red and green color, blue and white five color, color, blue and white can be glazed with a combination of colors to a variety of colors to decorate the picture of the porcelain. Combination of these blue and glaze color porcelain, integrated together, classified as a large class, that is, blue and color. Broadly speaking, underglaze blue and underglaze color painting constitutes a complete pattern or picture, this kind of colored porcelain known as blue and color. From the Ming and Qing dynasties, a large number of heirlooms, this kind of colored porcelain is very much, the earliest of this kind of colored porcelain is the Ming Yongle period of blue and white gold color, and later there is the Xuande period of blue and white red color, blue and white five color, Chenghua period of color, Hongzhi, Zhengde period, blue and green color, blue and white red and green color, longqing, jiajing, wanli period of blue and blue color, blue and white, blue and red and yellow color, and so on. Qing dynasty dynasties in addition to continue to produce some of the above varieties, but also appeared in the glaze red color. Fourth, plain three color and color color plain three color is a low-temperature color glaze porcelain fired in Jingdezhen. The main feature is that the surface decoration is not applied red color, appear pure and elegant. China's traditional custom will be non-red called plain, so "plain three-color" is based on China's traditional custom and named. Generally vegetarian three-color porcelain to yellow, green, purple three colors, some with white, black, peacock blue, gold and so on. Vegetarian three-color is not necessarily Shi three colors, in a kind of artifacts where there is no red color decoration of multi-color porcelain can be called vegetarian three-color. From the heirloom, Ming dynasty chenghua, zhengde, jiajing, wanli dynasties are produced. Qing dynasty Kangxi three-color most famous, in addition to the Guangxu imitation of Kangxi three-color and so on. Color ground color is Jingdezhen potters in the process of making porcelain using flexible and varied decorative techniques to produce a kind of colored porcelain, respectively, in a variety of different colors for the ground, and then apply a kind of color for the decorative, a variety of colors interlocking with each other to form a "one color, one color" of the porcelain, such as green color on the ground of green, green purple color, green yellow color, yellow color, yellow color, purple, green color, and so on. Color ground color porcelain. Color ground color porcelain also belongs to low-temperature colored glaze porcelain, some scholars will color ground color included in the "vegetarian three colors" or "miscellaneous color". From the heirloom, the earliest color ground color porcelain is the Ming dynasty Yongle period of yellow green color, green purple color. Ming Zhengde, Jiajing, Wanli varieties, showing colorful varieties of colored porcelain. Qing dynasty dynasties continue to burn. Chinese colored porcelain decoration method A, underglaze color decoration method Generally speaking, underglaze color is to use the color material in the molding of the fetus painting decoration, and then apply a layer of transparent glaze, after 1200-1250 ℃ about high temperature once fired. Archaeologists found that the Three Kingdoms celadon underglaze, the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties Yue kiln underglaze brown color, the northern magnetic state kiln of the white ground black color, black and brown color, these underglaze decorative method, not the color material directly painted on the body, but painted in the application of a layer of white make-up clay on the body and then apply transparent glaze. Because the early celadon body was greenish gray, Song, Jin when the northern porcelain tire soil rough with impurities, ancient craftsmen in order to improve the quality of porcelain in the tire on the application of a layer of make-up soil to cover the tire of the lame color, in order to increase the beauty of porcelain. Underglaze brown and underglaze black color determined by scientists, the main coloring agent for the iron oxide, iron element in low concentrations of reductive combustion cyan, oxidation of yellow; higher than 3% of the concentration of brown, soy sauce; if higher, it is easy to be dark brown or black. Tang Changsha kiln underglaze brown colored spots and brown green painted with a slight red, according to scientists, this is due to the use of color in the copper element in the reducing atmosphere, its copper content in a few thousandths of a percent, it is easy to see into the red, the higher the concentration of the more likely to become green, if the oxidizing atmosphere is very easy to produce green or blue. Yuan, Ming, Qing Dynasty Jingdezhen fired blue and red glaze, for the underglaze color masterpieces. Blue and white is a natural cobalt as the color pigment painted on the surface of porcelain tires, after applying transparent glaze, after high temperature firing into a white blue porcelain. According to archaeological findings as early as the Tang Dynasty in Henan Gongxian, Zhejiang in the Song Dynasty, the Yuan and Ming dynasties in Yunnan Yuxi and other places have blue and white porcelain, Yuan, Ming and Qing Jingdezhen became the center of blue and white porcelain origin. Glazed red porcelain firing difficulty, the color used for the copper oxide, painted on the surface of porcelain tires, applied transparent glaze, in the high-temperature reduction flame fired into glazed red porcelain. But copper is very easy to diffuse at high temperatures, volatilization, so the preparation of copper oxide color, grinding technology and firing temperature and other process requirements are very high, so the reduction flame must be mastered just right, otherwise it will be a lost cause. Due to the copper element has the characteristics and process difficulty, so the glazed red porcelain at the initial stage of exquisite products are not many, very few heirlooms, to the Kangxi years of the Qing Dynasty, before the real firing of the brilliant glazed red porcelain. Kangxi in the Qing dynasty, invented in the glaze three colors, some called underglaze three colors, in the production of the tire to be carved in relief on the body of the mountains and rocks or flowers, and then with cobalt, copper, iron, three elements of the color material, respectively, painting decorative or coated with a layer of transparent glaze, showing a blue glaze red, bean green, and in some cases there is a pink and white as a whole of the high temperature glaze underglaze colored porcelain. To the Qianlong still have production. Qing Xuantong period of liling in hunan also invented the underglaze color, that is, a variety of coloring materials painted directly on the porcelain body, then apply a layer of transparent glaze, fired at high temperature. Firing method is simple, and improve productivity, is a new achievement in the history of modern Chinese ceramics. In general, China's traditional underglaze colored porcelain is the use of cobalt, iron, copper and manganese four main elements of the coloring effect and brush painting techniques to decorate and develop a class of famous porcelain varieties. Second, the decorative method of glaze color Overglaze color can be divided into two kinds: a high temperature glaze color, a low temperature glaze color. High-temperature glaze color refers to the color material painted with color by high temperature once fired into the colored porcelain. In the heirlooms, as early as the late western jin, green glaze porcelain on the black and brown spot color and northern magnetic state kiln of black and brown colored glaze will be painted in color on the raw glaze by high temperature once fired. This type of high-temperature glaze on the color tone is relatively monotonous, mostly with a black or black-brown decoration. Due to the firing at high temperatures, high temperature glaze color most of the color to the glaze diffusion, than the low-temperature glaze color firm. Magnetic kiln colored porcelain used in the coloring material is mainly iron ore, locally known as the "flower stone". The amount of iron directly affects the color, the amount of iron in the pigment is reduced when the ochre brown or even light teal, increase the amount to form a deep black. According to chemical analysis by scientists, the iron content of black is more than double the iron content of brown color. Low-temperature glaze is to prepare the color material in the already fired white glaze or other color glaze porcelain painted decoration, and then placed in the furnace low-temperature baking (baking flower temperature of 800-850 ℃), is made after the second barbecue. Commonly colored red, blue, green, purple, black, white and other colors, the color material used is mostly natural minerals, mainly containing iron, cobalt, copper, manganese and other coloring elements. These basic colors should be blended to meet the needs of color painting shades, intensity. Such as iron red (alum red), oil red, coral red, jujube skin red; gold red carmine red, carmine purple; yellow iron yellow (glaze), antimony yellow (color); green has a low-temperature ceramic green glaze, ceramic glaze green color (pine green, onion green, lake green), medium-temperature type of peacock green. There are several other elements with cobalt deployment, blue glaze, gold and cobalt blue with the preparation of eggplant purple, cobalt and manganese with the preparation of "beautiful purple", as well as iron black and so on. Baking color temperature should be strictly controlled, too high or too low will affect the tone. Song, Jin period of northern magnetic kiln painting and Yuan, Ming, Qing period of Jingdezhen various glaze painted porcelain, are used in this decorative method. Painted in the Ming Dynasty before the single line of flat paint, whether it is flowers and birds or landscape figures, the picture line is strong, simple and elegant. Qing Dynasty various glaze color painting colorful, lively picture, three-dimensional sense of strong. Third, the decorative method of blue and white with color The blue and white with color are first fired blue and white decorations, and then with blue and white decorations on the glaze of porcelain color, and then by the second fireplace baking flower firing. Glaze coloring completely according to the requirements of the porcelain painting design, from one to a variety of. Such as Yongle, Xuande period of blue and gold, blue and red, blue and white, Chenghua Doucai, Hongzhi, Zhengde period of blue and green, or blue and red, green, as well as the Qing dynasty blue and white rouge, blue and white, and so on are made with this method. Chenghua Doucai is further broadened on the basis of adding color to the blue and white, strengthening the painting of blue and white decoration. Overview of the Chenghua Doucai decorative method has two kinds: one is to use the raw materials of blue and white on the porcelain tire hook out the outline of the decorations, covered with transparent glaze, fired into a pale blue and white porcelain, and then in the blue and white within the line of double hooks to fill in the required color, from one to a variety of different, the formation of the color of the glaze, and then baked into the furnace and become. This decorative method of doucai painting surface is mostly two continuous patterns or a variety of different forms of patterns. Some books will be this decorative technique called "fill color". Another is the use of blue and white raw materials on porcelain tires outlined decorative contour lines of the whole or the theme, but also add the blue and white rendering of the local decorations, covered with transparent glaze, high temperature firing into blue and white porcelain, and then in the ceramic paintings according to the decorative coloring needs, with a variety of methods of coloring, and then baked by the fire into the fire. Color method, in addition to fill color, there are overlay color (i.e., in the blue and white decoration covered with a layer of color), color (i.e., in the blue and white decoration on the edge of the rendering of some of the color to play a role in highlighting), point color (i.e., some of the picture of the blue and white decoration, slightly embellished with the glaze color), and so on. This kind of colored porcelain surface decoration unfolded like a well-drawn, colorful brush painting. In addition, blue and white, is also the Qing dynasty Yongzheng and Qianlong period of commendable underglaze color and overglaze color competition products. Fourth, the decorative method of the plain three colors and color ground color The firing of the plain three colors from the heirlooms can be divided into two categories, one for low-temperature colored glaze pottery, a class of low-temperature colored glaze porcelain. Tang Sancai, Liao Sancai, Jin Sancai for low-temperature colored glaze pottery, is from the Eastern Han Dynasty low-temperature glaze pottery development. Three-color glazed pottery firing method is to use clay as a tire molding dry, into the kiln firing, the temperature of 1000 ℃ a l100 ℃; and then in the tire and then applied to the preparation of a variety of colored glaze material, into the kiln glaze firing temperature of about 850 ℃ -900 ℃. The main colors are yellow, green, white, blue, etc., is the main product in the northern region of China. The true meaning of the vegetarian three-color is a low-temperature colored glaze porcelain, Ming Dynasty by Jingdezhen firing success. In the production, the first designed pattern pattern, made of porcelain clay on the blank tire scribing, after drying placed in the kiln by 1280 ℃ -1320 ℃ high temperature firing into porcelain tires, and then according to the requirements of the pattern color, in the porcelain tires on the low-temperature colored glaze, will be a variety of colored glaze respectively, with a pen to fill the coating in the design of the pattern pattern, but also a kind of colored glaze a time poured full of full ware, and then Some will be a color glaze once poured all the ware, and then remove part of the part removed, remove the part is required to fill in other colors of the place. Finally into the kiln glaze firing, the temperature of 850 ℃ -900 ℃. There are also in the first burned white porcelain, painted low-temperature colored glaze decoration, mostly for the Qing dynasty products. In short, the plain three color is our country in the porcelain production process of high temperature burnt tires and low temperature glaze burning combined with a porcelain technology. Color porcelain decorative method with the same color, also belongs to the low-temperature colored glaze porcelain. From the appearance of a colored glaze for the ground, and then apply a low-temperature colored glaze for the decoration of the object. Such as yellow ground green, yellow ground purple, green ground purple. References /zixun/10045683.html

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