What are the local operas in Quanzhou?

/kloc-The Southern Opera, which originated in the southeast coastal areas in the 20th century, is an important chapter in the history of China opera development. However, with the passage of time, the Southern Opera has already disappeared in other birthplaces, and the charm of the Southern Opera in Quanzhou, Fujian Province, which is located in the southeast border, has been passed down from generation to generation and has become a cultural spectacle.

Liyuan Opera, which originated in Quanzhou, a famous historical and cultural city, and spread in the vast Minnan-speaking areas, is called "living fossil" because it has preserved many plays, music and performance forms of Southern Opera in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and is one of the oldest operas in China. Under the nourishment of Southern Opera and Quanzhou ancient culture, Liyuan Opera has a harmonious and delicate artistic style and rich expressive force of ancient social life. His script literature, musical singing and performance are unique in China Opera Art Gallery.

Liyuan Opera can be divided into three schools: Small Liyuan Opera and Big Liyuan Opera. On the road and south respectively, each has its own repertoire of "Eighteen Pengtou" and its own distinctive qupai. There are many scripts of Southern Opera on the road, most of which are about loyalty, filial piety and righteousness, such as Wang Kui, Zhu Wen, Cai Bojie and Liu.

2. Quanzhou Gaojia Opera

Gaojia Opera is one of the main operas in Fujian, which is popular in southern Fujian and spread to Taiwan Province Province and Southeast Asia where Minnan people live in concentrated communities.

Gaojia Opera was formed in the middle of Qing Dynasty. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, whenever people went to southern Fujian, people in rural areas dressed up as heroes of Liang Shanbo, performed short stories and various martial arts skills in the parade, accompanied by gongs and drums and folk tunes, which aroused great interest. Then, an amateur troupe with children performing the story of Song Jiang appeared, and the audience called it "Song Jiangzai". Later, it was gradually replaced by a professional troupe played by adults, which was then called "Song Jiang Opera".

Because "Song Jiang Opera" is limited to the story of Liang Shanbo and the influence of foreign operas, it is difficult to meet the demands of the masses. As a result, a "Hexing Class" appeared in Lingdou Village, Nan 'an in the late Qing Dynasty, which broke through the box of only performing Sung River stories, and performed semi-literary and semi-martial arts dramas such as Trapping Dongjiang River and Cutting Yellow Robe, and later developed embroidery dramas such as Meng Jiangnv and Apricot. The rise and development of "Hexing Opera" was deeply influenced by Kunqu Opera, Siping Opera, Huizhou Opera and Beijing Opera. Later, "Song Jiang Opera" and "Hexing Opera" absorbed each other and merged into today's Gaojia Opera.

The sources of Gaojia Opera's repertoire are complicated, and most of them are absorbed from puppet shows, Liyuan operas, Huizhou operas, Geyang operas and Beijing operas. According to the preliminary statistics, there are more than 100 traditional dramas of Gaojia Opera, and the newly edited outstanding dramas include "Ascending to the Third Class in a row", "True and False Wang Yao", "The Flower House", "Bamboo Shoots and River Waves" and "Xu Xian Xie Yi".

3 Quanzhou puppet show

Quanzhou Puppet and Minnan are commonly known as "Li Jia". In the old days, there were only four actors in each class, performing students, Dan, North (net) and miscellaneous, so they were also called "four beautiful classes".

There are more than 700 traditional puppet plays in Quanzhou, all of which are handed down from generation to generation in the form of manuscripts. Some of these operas, such as Tao Dou, are still rare for other operas in China.

Among all kinds of puppet shows in China, Quanzhou puppet show is the only one with its own musical "puppet tune". Puppet Tune is rich, simple, rough and high-pitched, and still retains more than 300 melodies.

Quanzhou puppet has a complete image and exquisite production, especially the carving and pastel process of the puppet head, which is unique.

The performance of Quanzhou puppets is very difficult. Each puppet image has 16 to more than 30 slender strings. By virtue of their exquisite traditional line rules and skillful performance skills, artists of past dynasties have created many vivid characters, which embodies the exquisite, vivid and vivid artistic characteristics of Quanzhou puppets.

In recent years, Quanzhou puppet show has developed continuously on the basis of inheriting the traditional art, and created a novel performance form, which is mainly based on marionette performance and combines puppets with puppets in the palm, and has been welcomed by Chinese and foreign audiences.

4. Quanzhou Nanyin Music

Quanzhou is a famous historical and cultural city in China, a famous hometown of overseas Chinese and the main ancestral home of compatriots in Taiwan Province Province. At the same time, it is also the hometown of Nanyin, which is famous at home and abroad. Many overseas friends came here and were deeply intoxicated by the charm of Nanyin.

Nanyin is an ancient music with a long history and is known as "the pearl of Chinese classical music". It is elegant, beautiful, profound and unique in charm. It has been widely spread in Minnan language area for thousands of years, sung in Quanzhou dialect, deeply loved by the broad masses of people in the hometown of overseas Chinese in southern Fujian, and spread to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Southeast Asia, becoming a local accent cherished and sung by overseas Chinese and compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan for generations.

With the joint efforts of string friends at home and abroad, Nanyin enjoys a good reputation in the international music world and has made valuable contributions to the promotion of China's national music culture. Since 198 1, the 6th China Quanzhou International Southern Music Conference has been held in Quanzhou.

Nanyin performance is very popular in the hometown of overseas Chinese in southern Fujian, and bamboo and chord sounds can often be heard in towns and villages. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 500 Nanyin societies in various counties (autonomous regions and municipalities) in Quanzhou, and there are many amateur Nanyin research societies and performance teams, forming a considerable artistic lineup. Professional groups include Quanzhou Nanyin Orchestra, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and other professional and amateur Nanyin Orchestra. According to relevant data, there are more than 70 Nanyin societies in Taiwan Province Province with more than 1,000 members. Most of them are from Quanzhou, and their singing and playing styles retain the traditional characteristics of their hometown Quanzhou.

Five kinds of great dramas

Dacheng Opera, which originated from religious and folk activities in Quanzhou, is a kind of drama with strong religious and artistic colors. Because she often performed in Menglan Basin Festival, Land and Water Festival and folk funeral ceremonies, she was also called "ritual drama" in her early days.

According to reports, from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou built altars and temples every year to turn over the dead, while monks performed some short Buddhist stories and interspersed acrobatic skills to attract tourists. About 1860 In Xiaokengyuan Village, Jinjiang, which has a history of Taoist activities for more than 700 years, a Dacheng troupe (commonly known as "Shigong Opera") created by Taoist priests appeared for the first time, and marionette artists were hired to dictate operas such as "Mu Lian Save Mother".

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, monks from Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou hired artists for Dacheng Opera and set up Dakaiyuan Class, also known as "Monk Opera". At this point, Dacheng Opera has become a religious drama of Buddhism and Taoism in Quanzhou.

The performance of Dacheng Opera is mainly arhat dance, which has some performance characteristics of marionette. She is good at martial arts, which uses Quanzhou South Shaolin Boxing. Because it is suitable for funeral ceremonies, a large number of folk stunts, acrobatics, dances and so-called "cage-opening" horror performances have been preserved. On the basis of Taoist and Buddhist songs, music absorbs the puppet tune of marionette and becomes a unique religious charm.

2. Quanzhou Dacheng Troupe

Guanyin Technical Troupe was founded in 1952, changed to Quanzhou Xiaokaiyuan Troupe in 1957, and changed its name to Quanzhou Dacheng Troupe in 1960. After the Youth League was founded, in addition to composing and performing many traditional series, it also created and staged a number of historical dramas, fairy dramas, children's dramas and modern dramas, and at the same time created a group of performing artists represented by Zeng Huo, who is known as the "first monkey king in southern Fujian".

During the Cultural Revolution, the troupe was forced to disband. In the past 20 years, due to the appeals of religious and folklore scholars at home and abroad, overseas Chinese, compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao and local social elites, with the support of provincial and municipal cultural authorities, the original artists Wu Tianyi, Huang Yingying, Hong Qiujiang and others raised their own funds, and on February 1990, more than 20 teenagers were recruited to start training and rebuild Quanzhou Dacheng Opera Troupe, which was funded by the people.

6. Quanzhou Opera Troupe

Quanzhou hometown of overseas Chinese is a magical land with profound historical and cultural accumulation and modern culture in the ascendant. The emerging China national opera has also taken root in this land.

As early as the 1920s, operas The Little Painter and Bread appeared. On the eve of the Anti-Japanese War, there was a storm in the Yangtze River, and so did Nie Ying. In the middle period of the Anti-Japanese War, there was "March of the Army and the People", which was an opera that used western opera styles and means of expression to reflect the life in China's liberated areas. Quanzhou dialect drama, a native of Quanzhou, is a new variety created in the early days of liberation. Large-scale dialect dramas, such as Hongye River, Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang, and Marriage of Xiao erhei, were staged.