It is generally believed that the answer to the influencing factors of urbanization

Urbanization, also known as urbanization, refers to the historical process that a country or region gradually changes from a traditional rural society dominated by agriculture to a modern urban society dominated by non-agricultural industries such as industry (secondary industry) and service industry (tertiary industry) with the development of social productive forces, the progress of science and technology and the adjustment of industrial structure.

(1) industrial structure?

The history of world urbanization shows that the adjustment of industrial structure is the main driving force to promote urbanization. The essence of urbanization is the process of population and other economic factors transferring from rural areas to cities caused by changes in productive forces. And it is manifested in the mode of production, that is, the large-scale adjustment of industrial structure, that is, the transfer of agricultural surplus labor to various non-agricultural industries. Therefore, the change of industrial structure is inevitably reflected in the change of urbanization, and the improvement of urbanization level mainly depends on the increase of the proportion of the secondary industry and the tertiary industry, which are carried out almost at the same time, that is, for every increase of the employment proportion of industry and service industry, the urbanization level also increases 1%. If the proportion of primary industry is low, while the proportion of secondary industry and tertiary industry is relatively high, the level of urbanization is relatively high, and vice versa. ?

For a long time, due to the constraints of ideas, systems, funds, technology and other factors, the adjustment of industrial structure in the western region is very slow. Unreasonable industrial structure directly leads to unreasonable employment structure. Unreasonable industrial structure makes a large number of labor force in the western region stay in the countryside, which affects the transformation from agricultural population to urban population and is the main reason for the backward urbanization level in the western region.

(2) Economic growth?

Judging from the history of urbanization development in various countries, there is a strong positive correlation between urbanization and economic development level. Economic development has promoted the pace of urbanization. As economic development increases economic income, people's demand also increases. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when the physiological needs are met, there will be higher-level needs, but the income elasticity of different levels of needs is different. Among many commodities, the income elasticity of demand of crop products is low, and the actual demand for such products will decrease with the increase of income. On the contrary, the income elasticity of manufacturing products and services demand is higher, and the growth of income leads to the faster growth of demand for them. Therefore, economic growth will bring about changes in demand structure, which will inevitably lead to a large-scale transfer of input structure (capital and labor input) and output structure from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries, resulting in a high concentration of capital and population in space, thus accelerating the pace of urbanization.

(3) Financial status?

Urbanization is actually a process of structural transformation and upgrading of economic development, and the core issue of this process is the process of regional industrialization, which leads to a strong demand for funds. On the one hand, industrialization, especially rural industrialization, requires sufficient capital accumulation to develop manufacturing and related capital-intensive basic industries and carry out infrastructure construction with long turnaround time. On the other hand, urbanization needs to provide sufficient urban infrastructure for the transfer of rural population. To become the center of modern economic development, cities need to build modern facilities and develop modern service industries, all of which require sufficient capital investment.

(4) Location factors?

The distribution of various resources in the world is uneven, so cities are always produced and developed in areas with good geography, climate, drawings, mineral resources and original economic foundation; And constantly attract population and capital to gather in cities with good infrastructure such as transportation and communication, thus reflecting different interests. Therefore, coastal ports, river banks and railway lines are not only large in number, but also large in scale, fast in development and good in efficiency; On the contrary, "poor villages" are often in "backcountry". Geographical location coastal, riverside cities or areas close to existing big cities can always get faster development. Due to the unbalanced regional distribution of natural resources, the regional price difference of resource supply affects the distribution of cities and industrial layout. In areas where natural resources are scarce or difficult to use for a long time, the level of urbanization always lags behind areas with rich resources or good utilization conditions. ? (5) Infrastructure status?

With the development of economy, various resource elements, including human capital, medical and health conditions, communication and transportation facilities, have formed a large number of agglomerations in specific locations, and these elements also play an active and decisive role in the process of urbanization. According to the theory of agglomeration economy, urban economy has the characteristics of increasing scale. Cities with a certain scale can provide better infrastructure, better production, finance, information, technology, medical and health services, as well as centralized and large-scale commodity markets and labor markets, so they have higher economic benefits and urban attractiveness, which will further promote the development of urbanization. ? The improvement of traffic conditions will help to increase regional accessibility and shorten the sense of spatial distance between urban and rural areas, thus promoting the process of urbanization. Due to the lack of funds, backward technology and complex terrain, the construction of infrastructure such as traffic roads in the west is extremely difficult, which makes the traffic construction in the west very backward. In 200 1 year, the total railway mileage in China is 58,655 kilometers, which is obviously different from that in the east. The backwardness of traffic and communication conditions further blocks the connection between urban and rural areas in the western region and increases the difficulty of promoting urbanization in the western region.

(6) Policy support?

Objectively speaking, the imbalance of urban development in the eastern and western regions of China is not only the precipitation and continuation of the historical process, but also the result of the strategic guidance of policies. Since the reform and opening up, the implementation of the unbalanced development strategy has made the country invest a lot of money to build various infrastructure in the east; Give various preferential treatments to eastern enterprises; The establishment of special zones, open cities and bonded areas in coastal areas has greatly promoted the urbanization process in the eastern region. The most obvious example is that Shenzhen has rapidly developed from a small fishing village in the early 1980s into an international modern city. However, in the western region, the state has not taken this series of measures. For a long time, as a resource provider and product sales market in the eastern region, the urbanization process is naturally slow. ?

(7) extroverted?

Regional openness is also an important factor affecting urbanization. Generally speaking, the higher the regional openness, the faster the interregional flow of production factors, and the stronger the ability of industries to absorb labor, which is helpful to promote the urbanization process. ?

Import substitution has high introversion, small urban openness, slow interregional flow of production factors, weak urban dynamic mechanism and low ability to absorb labor. According to statistics, in the stage of import substitution in developing countries, the speed of industry absorbing labor is generally only 2.5%-3%, which is similar to population growth; However, export-oriented has higher external loudness, greater urban openness, frequent and massive interregional flow of production factors, and stronger urban dynamic mechanism, so it has higher ability to absorb labor. At the present stage of developing countries, the industrial absorption rate of labor force generally reaches 5%-6%, which is almost twice that of the import substitution stage. South Korea and Taiwan Province Province adopt export-oriented development strategy to accelerate industrialization and promote urbanization.

(8) the level of science and education?

Science and technology are the primary productive forces. With the development of science and technology and the popularization and application of achievements, labor productivity will be greatly improved and economic growth will be accelerated; At the same time, it profoundly changes the industrial structure, labor organization structure and material space structure, and affects the process of urbanization. The popularization of science and technology and the improvement of education level will greatly improve the quality of the population and promote the integration of urban and rural civilization; At the same time, profoundly change the employment structure, labor organization structure and material space structure, and promote the process of urbanization. However, the scientific and technological progress and education level in the western region have lagged behind the eastern region for a long time. In 2000, the illiteracy rate and the proportion of people with primary education in the western region were higher than those in the eastern region, while the proportion of people with junior high school, senior high school, technical secondary school and university education was far lower than that in the eastern region, lagging behind the national average. The backward level of science and education further affects the vitality of the western economy, deepens the gap between urban and rural civilization, and increases the difficulty of promoting urbanization in the western region.

(9) Development of agriculture and rural economy?

After the reform and opening up, the rapid development of agriculture and rural economy in China has injected new impetus into the urbanization of China. In fact, in the early stage of urbanization, the development of rural areas and agriculture and the development of rural non-agricultural industries based on it are more important for promoting urbanization, whether in developed western European industrial countries or emerging Asian industrial countries.

The role of agriculture and rural development in promoting urbanization varies from country to country. As far as Asian countries are concerned, it is reflected in the following aspects: first, the in-depth development of agriculture and the acceleration of rural industrialization have improved the capacity of rural areas to accommodate population; Second, the development of rural economy has narrowed the so-called expected income gap between rural areas and cities in Todaro, and also played a role in alleviating the pressure of population migration to cities; Third, the development of agriculture and rural areas has expanded the market and demand for the development of urban industry and service industry. Fourthly, the development of small towns based on rural development is conducive to the formation of a reasonable urban system, thus promoting the sustainable development of urbanization.

(10) Population density?

According to general experience, in areas with high population density, the corresponding urbanization level is also high. The population density is relatively high and the per capita cultivated land area is small. The rural population can't live on land, or the limited land can't provide enough means of subsistence. They have stronger pressure and motivation to engage in industrial production and service industries, especially labor-intensive industries, which can provide more jobs. Moreover, the developed industry and tertiary industry in the city provide higher income for urban residents, and the income gap attracts more agricultural workers to enter the city. The superior living conditions in cities are also very attractive to rural residents. This has prompted a large-scale transfer of rural population to cities. The population density in the east of China is much higher than that in the west. Correspondingly, the urbanization level in the east of China is also much higher than that in the west.