What are the traditional handicrafts with a history of thousands of years?

The main varieties of handicrafts are as follows:

Woodblock New Year pictures are painted in gray, paper horses and iron paintings are painted in hot eggs, feather paintings are painted in wheat straw, Kang Wai paintings are painted in temple murals by folk artists, painted with pigments, and painted with sugar blowers in Tang Hua clay sculptures, sugar sculptures, wax sculptures, Ou Su sculptures, gray sculptures, wood carvings, brick carvings, bamboo carvings, bone carvings, horn carvings, tooth carvings, egg carvings, root carvings, peel carvings, fruit carvings.

The representative works of handicrafts mainly include: Chinese knot, embroidery, Wuhu iron painting, traditional cloth art, tooth carving, bamboo carving, wood carving and jade carving.

Chinese knotting

I don't know when, modern people found out the ornaments that were popular at that time from the bottom of the box, and then painted gourd ladle, which was more creative and decorated. Therefore, thick and thin ribbons made of colored silk thread, small rings with totem patterns and elegant Zhui Er ears all constitute beautiful and peculiar Chinese knots. It's amazing that a red rope can make so many tricks. Don't underestimate this little Chinese knot. The emotion and wisdom it shows is only one aspect of China's ancient civilization, and it is a kind of interest for people to pursue randomness and pray for peace. "Knot" is a kind of rope-woven ornament, which, together with China's fabric and embroidery, is called the three major handicrafts of the motherland. It is unpretentious, elegant and generous. Speaking of Chinese knots, it can be said that it was a long time ago, and its history runs through the history of mankind. The long-standing cultural precipitation makes Chinese knots permeate the unique and pure cultural essence of the Chinese nation. "Rope" and "God" are homophonic, and China culture once worshipped rope in its formation stage. According to written records: "Nu Wa leads the rope in the mud and holds it like a human being." Because the rope is like a coiled snake dragon, China people are descendants of the dragon. In prehistoric times, the image of the dragon god was reflected by the change of knots. The word "knot" is also a word that expresses strength, harmony and full of feelings, giving people a feeling of reunion, intimacy and warmth. "knot" and "auspicious" are homophonic. "Auspicious" is the eternal pursuit theme of mankind. As a vital folk art, "Jie" naturally thrives as the essence of China traditional culture and has been passed down to this day.

embroidery

Embroidery, also known as silk embroidery, is one of the excellent traditional national handicrafts in China. According to the chapter and clothing system recorded in Shangshu four thousand years ago, it is stipulated that "clothes are embroidered with paintings"; There are also descriptions of plainclothes Zhu embroidery in The Book of Songs. In the Song Dynasty, the fashion of advocating embroidery clothing gradually became popular among the people, which also promoted the development of silk embroidery technology in China. Embroidery in Ming Dynasty has become a very expressive work of art, resulting in Suzhou embroidery, Guangdong embroidery, Xiang embroidery and Shu embroidery, which are also called "four famous embroideries". Suzhou embroidery and silk reeling are the most famous. Suzhou embroidery originated in Suzhou. Suzhou women are gentle and well-behaved, and they are good at slow and meticulous work. There are more than 65438+ million embroidered mothers in Suzhou. Every family has embroidery, and every family has an embroidered mother. Suzhou embroidery technology is to use embroidery needles to draw outstanding lines, embroider needle points on silk, cotton and other fabrics according to pre-designed patterns and colors, and form patterns, patterns and characters through embroidery marks to achieve artistic effects. Suzhou embroidery has the characteristics of exquisite patterns, elegant colors, rich stitches and fine embroidery. Hand embroidery is a famous traditional handicraft in China, which occupies an important position in the history of arts and crafts in China. Hand embroidery is inseparable from sericulture and silk reeling. China is the first country in the world to discover and utilize silk, and people began to raise silkworms and reeling silk four or five thousand years ago. With the use of silk, the appearance and development of silk fabrics, hand embroidery technology has gradually emerged. According to China's history book Shangshu, the "Zhangfu System" more than 4,000 years ago stipulated the decoration of clothing "clothes painting and embroidery", which shows that hand-embroidered products were widely popular in China four or five thousand years ago.

Wuhu iron picture

Iron painting, also known as iron flower, is a specialty of Wuhu, Anhui Province and one of the unique handicrafts in China. Iron paintings are all kinds of low-carbon steel decorative paintings forged and welded with iron sheets and iron wires. It combines folk paper-cutting, carving, mosaic and other artistic techniques, adopts Chinese painting composition, contrasts black and white, and combines reality with reality, which has a unique taste. The production of iron paintings originated in the Song Dynasty and prevailed in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the iron paintings in Wuhu, Anhui Province became self-contained and gradually became world-famous. Iron painting is forged with iron as ink, anvil as inkstone and hammer instead of pen. The varieties of iron paintings can be divided into three categories: one is small-scale scenery, with pine, plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum and eagle as themes. This kind of iron painting is framed and hung on the powder wall, which is more dignified and eye-catching. The second kind is lanterns, which are usually composed of four or six iron paintings, with paper or plain silk pasted inside and silver candles lit in the middle. They are dazzling and touching. The third category is screens, mostly landscapes, which are simple and elegant and spectacular. Wuhu is close to the Yangtze River with convenient transportation. It was once one of the four rice markets in China, and its iron smelting industry has been very developed since ancient times. The developed iron smelting industry and superb forging technology provide the innate foundation and conditions for the creation of Wuhu iron painting. Wuhu iron painting uses hammer as pen, iron as ink, anvil as paper and forged iron as painting, which is ingenious and graceful. Wuhu iron painting has a long history, unique style, exquisite craftsmanship and superb skills. Iron painting began in the Kangxi period in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and has a history of more than 340 years. It was made by Tianchi, an iron court in Wuhu, and Xiao Chimu, a painter in Wuhu. Wuhu iron painting, which originated from Chinese painting, has the basic artistic characteristics of Xin 'an Painting School. Its writing style is thin and concise, and its style is cold and stubborn. It is a pure manual forging art. It is made of iron as raw material, melted in a red furnace, and then forged, drilled, welded and filed. It not only has the charm of Chinese painting, but also the three-dimensional beauty of sculpture, and also shows the flexibility and ductility of steel. Wuhu iron painting has participated in the Paris World Expo in France and the plastic arts exhibition in Budapest, Hungary, and has been exhibited in more than 20 countries and regions such as Japan, Kuwait, Italy, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Hong Kong. 1959 to 1960, the large-scale iron paintings "Welcome Pine", "Meishan Reservoir" and the iron book "Qinyuan Spring Snow" made by the old artist Chu Yanqing and several disciples were arranged in the Great Hall of the People. Wuhu iron painting has been inherited and developed for more than 340 years. On the basis of traditional small-scale scenes, lamps and screens, three-dimensional iron paintings, bonsai iron paintings, porcelain plate iron paintings and gold-plated iron paintings have been created, forming more than 200 varieties in five series, including seating screens, murals, calligraphy, decorative furnishings and cultural gifts. With its unique artistic style and charm, it is unique in the art world. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Wuhu Iron Painting Forging Technique was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On June 5, 2007, Yang Guanghui, Wuhu City, Anhui Province was recognized as the representative inheritor of this cultural heritage project by the Ministry of Culture and included in the list of 226 representative inheritors of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects.

Traditional fabric

Cloth art is the art of cloth, and it is a wonderful flower in China folk arts and crafts. In ancient China, the main fabrics were embroidery, embroidery and applique. There are many kinds of embroidery stitches, such as laying stitches, plain stitches, scattered stitches, punching, looping, inlaying gold, knitting embroidery, locking embroidery and so on. Embroidery is divided into different styles and schools according to different regions and customs. The history of weaving and embroidery in the south is longer than that in the north, the technology is higher than that in the north, and the style is exquisite and elegant; The needles used in the north are thicker and the colors are brighter. Cross stitch, also known as cross stitch, is a strict cross stitch with equal distance and length according to the latitude and longitude of the fabric, which is arranged into various embroidery patterns and has a unique decorative style with deformed auspicious geometric patterns. Embroidery does not hurt the silk of cloth, but can strengthen the wear resistance of cloth. This stitch is suitable for practical products such as clothes, handkerchiefs, headscarves, vests, door curtains and curtains. This is the earliest widely circulated stitch in embroidery. Cloth applique is an embroidery technique of splicing small pieces of different colors into various patterns, also known as "mending flowers". In ancient times, we had the custom of dressing children with "patchwork clothes", that is, collecting various colors of cloth from neighbors to make children's clothes to ensure safety. Sewing embroidery is called "needlework" among the people in China. The industrious and intelligent women in China put their beautiful feelings into the stitches, and their styles are delicate, exquisite and elegant. Or rough and bold, bright colors, creating countless touching fabric works. China ancient folk fabrics are mainly used for the decoration of clothes, shoes and hats, bed curtains, bags, backpacks and other small items (such as headscarves, sachets, fan belts, purses, handkerchiefs, etc.). ), toys, etc. These daily necessities are not only beautiful and elegant, but also enhance the strength and wear resistance of fabrics. "The picture must be intentional, and the meaning must be auspicious." China folk cloth uses some symbolic figures. Flowers, insects, birds, plants, etc. Express the author's good wishes of praying for blessings and avoiding evil spirits; The theme of "happiness, luck and longevity" is often used in the articles of the elderly, wishing them health and longevity; Children's products often use tiger, "five poisons" (scorpion, snake, centipede, gecko, toad) and other patterns to ward off evil spirits, hoping that children will be as strong as tigers; Newlyweds like to play with Yuanyang, lotus (lotus) gives birth to your son, and carp makes lotus (symbol of marriage harmony) patterns, hoping for a happy family and many children. The girl gave her lover a love bag, handkerchief, etc. And with the pattern of flying butterflies or lotus flowers, the secret hidden in the girl's heart is implicitly expressed. Needles, threads and threads are full of love. China Buyi has been handed down from generation to generation, which shows the author's understanding and yearning for life, pours people's endless wisdom and has distinctive artistic characteristics.

ivory carving

It has always been recognized as a high-end luxury. Relevant data show that as early as ancient times, our ancestors had made various simple ornaments with their horns to dress themselves up and beautify their lives. The ivory carving cups, ivory bird-shaped daggers and silkworm-patterned ivory carving rounders unearthed by China archaeologists at Hemudu Cultural Site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province are the earliest tooth carvings we can see at present. Since then, with the continuous improvement of ancestors' understanding of real life and their unremitting pursuit of quality of life, the shape and use of tooth carving have changed from simple to complex, and the carved tooth horn works are not only exquisite, but also have a wide range of themes and a fairly high level of craftsmanship. In the Tang Dynasty, tooth carving became more and more exquisite and perfect, showing its own unique artistic style and new carving techniques. Among them, the trowel was first created in the Tang Dynasty. Japan's Masakura Academy still treasures the "red-toothed cymbals", "green-toothed cymbals" and "red-toothed cymbals" of the Tang Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the skill of tooth carving was superb, especially during the Qianlong period, a large number of skilled craftsmen and carving masters emerged, and local schools of tooth carving in Suzhou, Beijing, Guangdong and Shanghai also formed. Suzhou tooth carving is elegant and mellow, with a large number of small pieces of stationery and a wide range of subjects. Known as "Suzhou-style, Cantonese-style craftsman". The tooth carvings in Beijing are exquisite and vivid, made by the Palace "Ruyi Pavilion", and there are also professional workshops among the people. The tooth carvings in Guangdong are exquisite, neat and exquisite. They come from southern Yunnan and western Guangdong, and have also been professionally processed. Many combs, hairpins, rings, fans and Wan Wen. While absorbing foreign cultures, they are also constantly innovating in their skills. Their works have both national cultural connotations and western cultural styles, and are famous throughout the country for their "concentrated works and exquisite craftsmanship". Shanghai tooth carving is a wonderful flower in China tooth carving art garden. Although its development is based on Suzhou tooth carving, it is superior to Suzhou tooth carving in some places. While absorbing the essence of Beijing tooth carving, Guangzhou tooth carving and other regional schools, it has evolved into a unique Shanghai-style tooth carving through the unremitting efforts of artists of all ages. Its main characteristics are affection in things, scenery in scenes, blending scenes and profound artistic conception. The main techniques are figure carving, leather carving and fine flower carving, among which fine flower carving is the most distinctive. In addition, Shanghai Tooth Carving (Shanghai Tooth Carving) is also very distinctive in character carving. It not only strives for the harmony and unity of form and spirit by exaggeration, but also is very good at using its own strengths to shape characters, even immortal buddhas. Its nationality and folklore seem to be better than other regional schools.

bamboo carving

Bamboo carving, also known as bamboo carving, is to carve various decorative patterns and characters on bamboo objects, or to carve various furnishings and ornaments with bamboo root carving. The main carving methods are yin line, yang carving, round carving, through carving, deep relief or high relief. In the early days of bamboo carving, palaces, figures, landscapes and flowers and birds were usually carved on objects. Nowadays, some bamboo sculptures are concise, simple and generous, while others are meticulous, dense and changeable. China's bamboo carving art has a long history. Academia and archaeology in China have always believed that long before the invention of paper, ink, pen and inkstone, our ancestors had learned to carve words on pillars with knives to record. This primitive bamboo carving should be earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Bamboo carving became an art, which was gradually recognized and loved by people from the Six Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. Bamboo carving flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and its exquisite carving skills surpassed those of the previous generation, making it unique in the history of arts and crafts in China. Bamboo carving works of art have high ornamental value and collection value. In recent years, the bamboo carving art market is active, the collection and investment are becoming increasingly hot, and the price is also on the rise. Especially the works carved by famous artists are more sought after. Yiwu commodity wholesale market has all kinds of bamboo carving products, such as bamboo carving pen holders and bamboo carving pendants. Foreign merchants who come to Yiwu to buy bamboo carving crafts are also in an endless stream.

Charcoal carving

Carbon carving is a high-grade handicraft with high-performance activated carbon as raw material, which is molded, sandblasted and colored by hand. On the basis of retaining the activity of activated carbon to the greatest extent, carbon carving is endowed with artistic value. It can not only effectively protect you and your family from indoor air pollution, but also decorate your home. Charcoal carving crafts can absorb harmful gases, such as benzene (C6H6), formaldehyde (CH2O), toluene (C6H5CH3), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorine (Cl2), ammonia (NH3), radon (Rn) and other unclean gases, thus maintaining human health and purifying the air.

Woodcarving artware

Woodcarving golden toad

Woodcarving crafts in China can be traced back to primitive society, when many handicrafts were already formed. By the Warring States period, wood carving technology had developed from simple engraving and intaglio engraving in Shang Dynasty to three-dimensional circular engraving technology. Animal woodcarving in Han Dynasty was made of a whole piece of woodcarving, which pushed the art of woodcarving in China to a peak. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, woodcarving techniques became more and more perfect. The woodcarving in Ming and Qing Dynasties is the mature period of China classical woodcarving art, and its works are very rich, including animals and figures. Classification of Woodcarving Crafts Woodcarving Crafts is one of the favorite and collected artworks, which occupies an important position in the art history of China. There are many kinds of wood carvings, and the classification methods are not uniform. In all kinds of wood carvings, the three-dimensional sense and craftsmanship created by environmental protection materials and techniques are fully demonstrated. According to experts, wood carving can be divided into craft wood carving and artistic wood carving.

Craft wood carving can be divided into ornamental and practical. Ornamental refers to the works of art displayed on tables, tables, cases and shelves for people to enjoy. Carve birds and animals, flowers and birds, fish and insects, marine life, zodiac and so on with the technology of three-dimensional circular carving. Practicality refers to works of art decorated with wood carving techniques, which combine practicality with artistry, such as palace lanterns, picture frames, pen containers, pen containers, jewelry boxes, piggy banks, furniture carvings, etc. Artistic woodcarving usually refers to works with ingenious conception and profound connotation, which can reflect the author's aesthetic and artistic skills, fully reflect the interest of woodcarving art and the beauty of environmental protection materials. Artistic woodcarving is the product of the sculptor's ingenuity, and it is also a work of art to decorate, embellish, beautify the environment and cultivate sentiment, which has high ornamental value and collection value. For example, our common root carving. Circular sculpture is a kind of three-dimensional sculpture imitating real animals, also known as three-dimensional sculpture, which can be appreciated from many directions and angles. Circular sculpture is the overall expression of art in sculpture. Viewers can see all sides of the object from different angles and carve from front, back, left, right, up, down and up. Relief: It is a sculpture that carves concave and convex images on a plane, and it is an artistic expression between circular sculpture and painting. Root carving is based on the natural and twisted forms of roots (including tree tumors, bamboo roots, etc.). ), and figures, animals, utensils and other artistic images are created through artistic processing and technical treatment. Root carving art is a plastic art that discovers natural beauty and expresses creative processing. The so-called "three points are artificial, seven points are natural."