What is the style of articles about literature and history?

1 Key points of narrative style knowledge

(1) An article with narrative as its main expression is called narrative. Its language features are vivid and vivid.

(2) The life reflected in the work and the author's view on life are the center of narrative, also called the central idea. The central idea is expressed through people, things, scenery, things and other materials. Therefore, the narrative materials must serve the central idea and be clear and concentrated.

(3) There are several narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback and insertion.

Sequential narration: Narrating according to the occurrence and development of events.

Flashback: Write the end of the event or the most prominent fragment at the beginning of the article, and then write the events in chronological order.

Interpolation: In the narrative process, it is sometimes necessary to insert other related plots, and then describe the original events according to these plots.

(4) The detailed arrangement in the narrative should be that the materials that can highlight the center should be written in detail; Materials related to the center, but not very important, should be omitted; Materials unrelated to the center should be discarded. In this way, the center of narrative can be concentrated, distinct and prominent.

(5) Common narrative style: spreading specific reports on typical characters and deeds in real life; Describe the close-ups of real people and stories in written language and literary techniques; Travel notes describing mountains and rivers mainly based on travel experiences; Memoirs, biographies, interviews, etc Recall yourself or your life experiences and social activities. Their characteristics are: what they write must be true, and they are not allowed to exaggerate or narrow the facts at will, let alone fabricate fiction. It also requires necessary processing of the written content, striving to highlight the center of the article, with clear image and ingenious conception.

(6) Close-up is a style of reportage, which intercepts a fragment of a person or event and describes it in detail.

(7) Biographies are generally divided into two categories: one is to describe one's own life; One is to tell other people's lives. The main feature of biography is factual record, which requires seeking truth from facts and does not allow fiction and exaggeration. Biography is mainly narrative in the form of expression, and it can also be appropriately inserted with discussion and description. The order of biographical narration is generally chronological. The difference between a character and a character story is that a character story only needs to specifically write an event or a few things about the character. Biography requires writing the place of birth, date of birth, main experience, etc. The difference between complexity and simplicity of autobiography is that autobiography can be written in different ways according to needs, and it can be written about all one's experiences or one's experiences in a certain period.

2 Explain the main points of stylistic knowledge

(1) An article that takes explanation as the main expression and explains things according to certain requirements is called an expository article. The language features of expository writing are accuracy, plainness and conciseness.

(2) The premise of explaining things is to grasp the characteristics of things. The so-called characteristics are the signs that distinguish things.

(3) The explanatory order of explanatory text is: spatial order, chronological order and logical order. (There are general statements followed by secondary statements, first major and then secondary, first cause and consequence, from phenomenon to essence, from performance to function, etc. ).

(4) Common interpretation methods include: classification, explanation, example, analogy, comparison, figures and charts.

(5) Explanatory texts can be divided into two categories according to objects and contents: explaining physical things and explaining abstract things. According to the writing methods and expressions, expository writing can be divided into plain expository writing and literary expository writing.

(6) The difference between plain discourse and literary discourse is that plain discourse is pure expression, with concise language and specific content, which makes people understand after reading it. For example, various natural science textbooks. Scientific and technological information, experimental reports, manuals, etc. Literary exposition focuses on explanation, supplemented by narrative, description, lyric and other forms of expression, and often uses some rhetorical methods to introduce or explain things vividly, so that readers can enjoy art while gaining knowledge. This kind of discussion is usually called a sketch of knowledge or a sketch of science.

(7) The difference between description and narrative in expository text: A has different purposes: the description in narrative text is to "make people feel something"; The description of explanatory text is to "make people know" that B narrative text can use various description methods to play a variety of roles according to the needs of the central idea. Descriptive writing can only describe the characteristics of things in the process of explaining things with the help of certain visual techniques, mainly to make the characteristics of the things explained more concrete and vivid. C. The description in narrative can give full play to the role of artistic imagination, exaggeration and rendering, while the description in expository can be dealt with on the premise of seeking truth from facts and be vivid and true.

Three knowledge points of argumentative writing style

(1) Argument is indispensable to life. Reasoning and expressing opinions are arguments. An article with argumentation as its main expression is an argumentative essay.

(2) Arguments always put forward opinions or propositions, which are arguments. The materials used to prove arguments are arguments, and the process of proving arguments with arguments is the process of argumentation.

(3) There are two kinds of materials used to prove arguments: factual materials (factual arguments) are conclusive examples; Historical facts; Statistics, etc. Theoretical materials (arguments) are famous sayings of celebrities; Epigram; Motto; Scientific principles; Natural laws; Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.

(4) The basic structure of argumentative writing: asking questions; Analyze the problem; Solve the problem. The basic argumentation method of argumentative writing: putting facts and reasoning. Argumentation: argumentation, refutation. The so-called argument is to state your views positively. Refutation is to refute the wrong point of view.

(5) The writing characteristics of argumentative essays on one topic and one discussion: take things as an example to comment and explain the truth on the matter. And from "things" to discussion. It is necessary to sort out and grasp the connection point between the two before we can have a logical discussion, which is the key to "one thing, one discussion"

(6) The common styles of argumentative writing are as follows: editorials, comments, academic papers, special discussions, miscellaneous feelings, essays, speeches and letters focusing on 1 Among the above styles, there are theories and literature. I. Narrative reading rules

1. The function of scenery description: to render the atmosphere, contrast the emotions of the characters, promote the development of the plot, show the quality of the characters and contrast the central meaning.

2. The function of description method: to express the character and reflect the theme of the work.

3. The role of metaphor, personification and other rhetoric: the rhetoric of … is used to write …

4. The role of parallelism: enhance the expressive force of language and vivid writing. ...

5. The role of rhetorical questions: strengthen the tone, cause the following, connecting the preceding with the following.

6. The role of rhetorical questions: arouse the reader's attention and thinking, lead to the following, connecting the preceding with the following.

7. The function of the topic: summarize the content; Reveal the theme; Hint clue

8. The role of the first paragraph:

1. environmental description: point out the location and environment where the story takes place, lead to the following, and pave the way for the development of the following plot.

2. Others: start with the topic and lay the emotional tone of the full text; Cite the full text or cause the following, paving the way for the development of the following plot.

9. The role of the middle sentence: the excessive role of connecting the preceding with the following.

10. The function of concluding argumentative sentences: summarize the full text, take care of the beginning, point out the center and deepen the theme.

1 1. Narrative order: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.

12. The advantages of the writer: the first person is authentic; The second person said, kind and natural; The third person can be described from many angles, not limited by time and space.

13. The form of narrative clues: physical objects; Characters; Changes in thoughts and feelings; Time; Change of position; Central event

14. Method of finding clues: title; A recurring word or thing; Lyrical argument sentence

15. sentence paragraph appreciation is considered from three aspects: content (what is written and what is unique in material selection); Form (writing method, language features, rhetoric); Emotion (social value, meaning, function, etc. (of the article)

Two. Explanatory text

I. Classification

1. From the description object: the description of things and the description of things.

2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing.

Second, the order of interpretation.

Chronological order, spatial order, logical order.

Specific scores of logical order: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.

Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role?

Standardized answer format: In this article, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (The first blank should be filled with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )

Third, the method of explanation.

1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, numbers, charts and quotations.

2, the role of common methods:

1. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, making the explanation more specific and convincing.

(2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.

③ Comparison: Compare the differences between _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

⑤. For example: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and so on.

6. Imitation: Give a vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, so as to make the explanation more specific.

⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.

⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.

⑩ Quotation: Quotation has the following forms-

First, cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example)

B, citing specific data; (Functions in the same column)

C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.

D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )

Fourthly, the language analysis of expository writing.

1, the analysis of the whole language is generally from two angles: a, accuracy; B, vivid or concise.

This is also the characteristic of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.

The standard answer format is as follows: This article fully embodies the accurate/vivid/concise characteristics of Chinese, such as the sentence "……", which accurately/vividly/concisely explains the characteristics/facts of things. There are many other examples like this.

2. Comments on specific articles/sentences/words

The function of the article/sentence is basically the same as above.

The function of words has the following exam forms:

A, what is the function of adding words? B, can you change the word? C. Add some words that can be deleted?

This kind of questions often need to be answered in combination with the characteristics of the accuracy of the interpretation language (sometimes reflecting the vividness of the language) The second question type should also compare the differences in answers between the two. The third question type should also add the expression "after deletion, it does not conform to people's understanding of objective things or to objective facts".

An analysis of explanatory writing of verbs (abbreviation of verb)

1, combined with interpretation method

Normative answer mode is as follows:

The main explanation method adopted in this paper is ... to explain ... (content: the characteristics of things or things) so as to explain ... (function: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its function)

2, combined with rhetoric.

Normative answer mode is as follows:

This is a vivid explanation article, which uses a lot of rhetorical devices to explain … (content), making the explanation of the article vivid.

3, combined with expressions.

Narration and description make the description more specific; Expressing opinions makes explanations more emotional. Then from this point of view, the writing of the explanatory text is analyzed, and the standard format of the answer is as follows:

In this paper, a variety of expressions are comprehensively used, besides explanation, there are also … (selected from "narration, description, explanation and discussion" according to the content), such as … (specific examples), that is, the use of … (expression) makes the explanation more concrete/emotional.

Sixth, explain the function of paragraphs.

There are three angles to answer this question:

(1), structure, content and function: lead out the following, connect the preceding with the following, and summarize the full text/previous article.

Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation/explaining things.

(2), combined with interpretation.

Explain ... (features or things) by the method of interpretation of ..., so as to explain ... (functions).

Three. argumentative writing

In contrast, argumentative writing is much simpler. The point is to find the central argument.

Method: Look for it from beginning to end, if not, you can summarize it yourself.

Analysis and argumentation methods: truth argumentation, fact argumentation, metaphor argumentation and contrast argumentation.

Differentiated argumentation: the combination of argumentation, refutation and theoretical refutation

What I want to tell you is that argumentative writing is not the main topic in the senior high school entrance examination. You should read more narratives and expositions:

Articles with narration and description as the main forms of expression and people, scenery and objects as the main contents are called narratives, including novels, essays, biographies, fables, fairy tales, news, communications and other stylistic forms. We can have a more comprehensive understanding of narrative from the following aspects:

First, the narrative elements

If you want to remember a thing, a person, a scene or an activity clearly, you must have six elements, namely, time, place, people, the cause, process and result of the event.

When we tell someone something, we often have to explain when and where it happened, but there are many ways to explain it. At the beginning, the time and place of the incident will be clearly introduced, so that readers can have a preliminary understanding of the incident immediately in their minds. This is the method that people often like to take when describing.

People and things mean that in the same narrative, if you want to write clearly what you want to convey to readers, you must write who participated in what. Writing about people without writing is an incomplete narrative; On the other hand, it is not good to write without writing people.

Write down the reasons and results in detail in time. This detailed description should include not only the development process of the event, but also the cause and effect at that time.

Second, the narrator

According to the subject (speaker), object (receiver) and receiver (receiver) involved in language communication, it can be divided into three types: first person, second person and third person. The narrator reflects the observation point and foothold of the author's narrative. In narration, we should choose the right person according to the nature and scope of the subject matter and the needs of expression and performance. Generally, it is a real and small-scale theme, such as praise, encouragement and encouragement. , often referred to as the second person.

first person

It means to describe the things of your manager or the people and things you see and hear in the tone or angle of "I" and "We" and in the tone of "How did I do it". This is first-person writing.

In first-person writing, the author arranges himself in the characters and time described. In many articles, "I" is the party, and everything expressed in the article is related to "I", so it seems that the author and the reader have a heart-to-heart conversation, which makes people feel true and cordial.

There are several different situations in first-person writing:

(1) "I" is the author, and the article is the author telling readers about his personal manager. This is mainly seen in diaries, letters and travel notes, autobiographies or memorable articles. For example, in the article "Mr. Fujino", Mr. Lu Xun described the life segments of1late summer of 904 to1early spring of 906 when he studied in Japan.

(2) "I" is an important figure in the article and can be the protagonist. For example, Lu Xun's novel A Little Thing. In the course of this little incident, the author created two little people, one is an upright, kind and compassionate rickshaw puller, and the other is an indifferent and selfish intellectual who can deeply reflect and dissect himself under the driver's action education, that is, "I" in the novel. In contrast to their descriptions, these two characters are the protagonists of the article.

(3) "I" plays a secondary role in the article, just as a witness or even a clue. This situation is very common in novels, for example, in Lu Xun's novel Kong Yiji, "I" is a hotel waiter. The author describes the social environment of Kong Yiji Luzhen Hotel through what he has seen and heard. Wrote the life of Kong Yiji who was laughed at for drinking, beaten for stealing books, and finally died tragically; I wrote about some people, such as the shopkeeper, who made fun of Kong Yiji and ignored the social phenomenon of Kong Yiji's life and death. What the boy saw and heard became Kong Yiji's miserable life.

When using first-person narration, we should first make clear the identity and function of "I" in the article. The advantages of first-person narration are: first, it is natural and cordial, with strong sense of reality, and it is easy to directly impress readers' thoughts and feelings. However, there is also an obvious limitation: the use of first-person narrative is often limited by time and space, unlike the third person, which is not as free and flexible, and it is difficult to reflect what you have seen and heard.

second person

The main user is "you" (or "you"), and the author describes it in the tone of "how did you do it?" Although it is rare to start a narrative with the second person, it is by no means without it. Occasionally, there will be such a concentrated situation:

First, "you" is the person being stated, but the narrative is directly related to "I", mainly about mourning and nostalgia.

Secondly, "you" refers directly to the reader, but the narrative actually contains "I", which often appears in some paragraphs of prose.

In the above two cases, some people think that the foothold and observation point are still "I", so they are actually the deformation of the first person.

In the third case, "you" is the trustee, but "I" doesn't appear in the text at all. From the standpoint of continuity, it is actually replacing "he" with "you", which can be regarded as the deformation of the third person.

The fourth is that the second person says "local" in the article now. This is a dialogue between the author and the reader, but the foothold is still in the author, and there is no shift of foothold and observation point. So this paragraph is still a first-person narrative. When "you" and "you" appear, knowledge shortens the distance between readers and authors and makes readers feel more intimate.

The advantage of using the second person to describe the article is that it adopts the form of direct conversation, which is kind, natural and beautiful, can push down the gap between the author and the reader, shorten the distance between the author and the reader or the expressed person, and enable the author and the reader to communicate directly, with strong expressive effect, lyrical effect and shocking artistic appeal.

third person

The author narrates other people's affairs from the standpoint of a third party, or narrates them from a third party's tone and angle, telling readers about characters experience and what happened, and using "he" or "they" to refer to the characters appearing in the article. Many articles are written in the third person, especially long literary works, such as Midnight, which is a contradiction among modern writers in China, Oriental by contemporary writer Wei Wei, Resurrection and anna karenine by Russian writer Tolstoy, and so on.

Third, narrative clues.

The narrative clue reflects the internal connection between the characters in the material, which is the main thread running through the previous article. When we read the narrative, if we can quickly grasp the clues of the article, we can quickly sort out the ideas and structure of the article and understand the central idea of the article. (1) Take things as clues; (2) take things as clues; (3) taking people as clues; (4) Take people's thoughts and feelings as clues; (5) Taking the development of time as a clue; (6) Taking the change of place as a clue; (7) Take stories as clues. The above are common clues in narrative. Sometimes, an article may have two clues at the same time, so you should carefully distinguish between them when reading.

Fourth, the narrative way of narrative.

Generally speaking, in narrative methods, narrative texts can be sorted by atmosphere, flashback, insertion, supplementary narrative and so on.

1, sequence

Sequence is a common narrative way to organize content according to the sequence of time or plot development or the sequence of events. There are three orders: ① chronological order, ② spatial order, ③ ideological order. In the order of ideas, there is an "emotional order" that emphasizes the arrangement of levels according to the trajectory of subjective emotional changes, both of which break the limitation of time and space. Therefore, the structure of the article appears in different forms, such as vertical, horizontal, ring and point. The same content can be arranged in different order because of different understanding of materials.

Step 2 flash back

Flashback is to write the ending of the event first, or to intercept a fragment in the development of the event and write it in front, and then go back to write the course and development of the event. Flashback is traditionally called "flashback" in China. The so-called "upside down" does not mean that the whole thing is described in reverse, and such a description is impossible. Flashback only adds the ending or part to the vividness of the article.

In middle school textbooks, a precious shirt, a little thing and a blessing are all typical flashbacks.

There are two points to pay attention to when using flashback: first, flashback is only the beginning of the article, and the theme of the article is written in the order of time development. Second, using flashback method, the starting point and ending point of flashback content must be clearly explained. From flashback to sequence, from sequence to flashback, the connection should be natural and have obvious boundaries, so that readers can see at a glance.

The two most commonly used forms of flashback are: one is to write the ending of the event in front, and the other is to describe a prominent link in the process of the event or the most prominent part of the described event in advance.

Step 3 insert text

Interpolation refers to the narrative method of temporarily interrupting the sequence and inserting something related to the main cleaning or related content. It means that in the original narrative, the original narrative is interrupted because of the need of expression, another narrative is inserted, and the original narrative is restored after the inserted narrative is over. The content of interpolation is generally a supplementary introduction to the task or a narrative of the plot.

Inserting a passage in the narrative process may not be directly related to the problem from the time of occurrence, but it is very important to the development of the whole story and must be explained, so the insertion is not dispensable.

If the content of interpolation is retrospective, it will sometimes be confused with flashback. The difference between the two is that: Interpolation is only a fragment of the whole article, not the central content or key part, and flashback is one of the main contents of the article or constitutes the main part of the article; In addition, from the position, interpolation is grasped in the process of direct narration, and flashback is used before direct narration.

Common interpolation has the following kinds:

(1) Explanation of things. This kind of gag is only a brief explanation of the things involved in the narrative, and has no plot connection with the context.

② Introduce the characters. There are few plot factors in this kind of text.

(3) explain the reasons. There are plot factors in the inserted text, but they are often general.

4 Review the past. This kind of narrative is an important part of the full text because of its long length and urgent content. Using interpolation method, the structure of the article has twists and turns, the content has been enriched and supplemented, the center can be more prominent, the clues can be reduced, and the pen and ink can be delivered. However, there should be a necessary transition at the end of interpolation, otherwise it will easily lead to the time confusion between interpolation and sequence, which will affect the consistency of writing before and after.

4. Supplementary narrative

Supplementary narrative is to add some contents related to the above after the preface, which is a supplementary explanation to the above and a necessary explanation to the following.

What needs to be explained here is that since both supplementary narrative and insertion are words inserted by interrupting the original narrative, some people classify supplementary narrative as insertion, but there are differences between them:

(1) From the content point of view, interpolation can describe a one-sided part of the story itself, but it can also describe another thing related to the story, which has a relatively complete plot, while supplementary narrative can't describe another thing, just a fragment of the same story that has been moved back, which has no plot itself;

(2) From the position point of view, parenthesis is often inserted in the text, and it must be continued after the parenthesis. Supplementary narrative can be placed in the text or at the end of a paragraph or an article.

(3) From the narrative structure, it is necessary to use interlanguage as a supplementary context to connect before and after narrative.

The supplementary narrative mainly aims at the following situations: ① Explain the relevant situation. This supplementary narrative is to show readers the source of the recorded facts, thus increasing the persuasiveness of the article. (2) Add relevant facts. These two supplementary narratives are added after the existing complete narrative, and the content is not directly related to the previous plot, so the text should be concise to avoid the feeling of gilding the lily.

There is also a supplementary narrative to form an important plot. In the last article, the author deliberately left the plot blank, so that the reader could not see it, and then made it up after the matter was over, so that the reader suddenly realized. This supplementary narrative is directly related to the previous plot, but in fact it is only to deliberately leave what happened before for later explanation; The brushwork is contrary to flashback, but the fascinating effect is the same, so pay more attention to it. As far as one thing is concerned, the position of supplementary narrative must be at the end; As far as an article is concerned, it can be at the end of the article or in the article. Of course, the former is more.

V. Narrative language

1, the language is accurate

Accuracy is the most basic requirement for using language. The so-called accuracy is to accurately describe the original appearance of objective things and appropriately express the author's subjective feelings. Accurate expression often involves two aspects, one is the meaning of words, and the other is the emotional color of words. The meaning of words is accurate and the feelings are appropriate. Generally speaking, the expression is accurate. Therefore, discriminating the meaning of words and grasping the emotional color of words are the key to accurate expression.

2. Simple language

Conciseness means expressing more with less words.

Gorky said: "There is the greatest philosophy in the language of opinions."

Lao She said: "The skill of a writer lies in expressing his thoughts and feelings in very concise language."

Pay attention to conciseness, strive for richness, and skillfully use epigrams, which can often make articles clear and profound.

The conciseness of language is fundamentally the accuracy of the author's thinking. The complexity of language shows that the author has a vague understanding of the problem and can't grasp the key points. Therefore, to train the conciseness of language, we must first train the accuracy of thinking.

Simplicity is the pursuit of great writers in ancient and modern times. In order to write concise articles, they all choose their words carefully and cherish ink like gold.

Obviously, if you want to express a little meaning and have far-reaching significance, and write a good narrative, you must grasp the essence, see through the characters' thoughts and characters, and show the style of the times and society. To draw a landscape painting, we must grasp the characteristics and express the natural image of the scene at multiple levels and sides through the description of the external form of the scene. To explain things, we should be far-sighted, analyze the essence of things from the height of the times and history, and reveal the law of long-term development and change of things. We should choose large-capacity words, expand the capacity of words, and strive to get twice the result with half the effort.

The use of epigrams is a prominent manifestation of making the language concise. Brilliant and profound, full of philosophy and passion, with great artistic appeal.

To sum up, conciseness is the dialectical unity of conciseness, vividness and profundity. Simplicity comes from the precision of the author's thinking, and richness comes from the profundity of the author's thinking.

3. Vivid language

Mr. Zhu Ziqing thinks: "Writing is painting with words." It can be seen that the language of the article should not only be satisfied with clearly expressing thoughts and feelings, but also be lively. Vividness means that language is a bit literary. Literary language is infectious and makes people love to read it.

Image is the most basic feature of vividness. The so-called visualization is to show the writing object three-dimensionally and vividly. The use of descriptive sentences and rhetorical devices is an effective means to increase language image.

Language is the product of "convention". Generally speaking, the use of each word should conform to certain habits, but in a specific context, breaking away from convention and using words flexibly according to the needs of expression can make the language novel, unique and vivid.

The so-called harmony refers to the integration of sound (sound), color (color) | potential (potential) and state (shape) with the description object and subjective emotion in the language of the article.

The harmony of language is for the whole article, that is to say, the harmonious beauty of language should be a kind of overall beauty.

Different styles, different articles and different standards of harmony; With the same theme, different themes and different harmony standards, the author can only achieve harmony by choosing language and sentence patterns from a specific object and theme. The article is accurate only if it is harmonious; Only harmony can be vivid.

Argumentative paper:

Argue (prove what)

Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete sentence in form. Argument is generally expressed in the form of a judgment sentence.

1. Grasp the argument of the article.

Central argument 1 (commander-in-chief's sub-argument)

(1) Clarity: n sub-arguments (supplementary and proof central argument)

⑵ Methods ① Find from the position: Ⅰ title; Ii begins; ⅲ middle school; Ⅳ ending.

(2) Analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected parameters are appropriate)

(3) Extraction method (only sub-argument, no central argument)

2. Analyze how the argument is put forward.

(1) Put facts, reason and summarize arguments; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument;

(3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion;

(4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument;

⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.

2. Argument (with what evidence)

(1) argument type: (1) factual argument (summarize after giving an example, and closely summarize the argument); (2) Reasoning (citing famous sayings to analyze).

The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ).

Three arguments (how to prove)

(1) Argumentation method ① Demonstration (example method) Fact argument ② Reasoning argument (citation method and reasoning method) Reasoning argument ③ Contrast argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) ④ Metaphor and proof analogy.

⑵ Analysis and demonstration process

(1) How the argument was put forward;

(2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning);

③ Whether there is a summary related to the structure of the full text.

(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)

(4) The function of analysis and demonstration: to prove the argument of this paragraph.

(D) the structure of argumentative essays

(1) General form: (1) Introduction (question); (2) this theory (analyzing problems); ③ Conclusion (solving the problem).

(2) type

① coordinate type: I total score; Ⅱ total score; ⅲ integration and summation. ② Progressive.