Where did the free spirit and critical consciousness of Yuan Dynasty composers come from?

Cultural background and folk art tradition.

1. The Yuan Dynasty was a special period in Chinese history, an era ruled by the Mongolian people. During this period, different cultures and nationalities blended together, and diverse cultural elements collided and merged with each other, creating a new cultural atmosphere. This open cultural background provided Yuan Dynasty composers with greater freedom and room for criticism.

2. With its unique form and content, Yuan opera breaks through the limitations of traditional opera and pays more attention to expressing personal emotions and thoughts. The folk art tradition provides composers with a platform for freedom of expression and can more directly express their critical awareness of social phenomena, political power, moral ethics and other issues.