Kneeling for a paper about international economics and trade courses, to be about 2,000 words, freshman begging!!!!

Analysis of the impact of China's foreign trade mode change on industrial structure adjustment

Abstract: In the era of global economic integration, the international competitiveness of industry is undoubtedly the most critical factor for the survival and development of a country, and the continuous optimization of the industrial structure is the fundamental guarantee of international competitiveness. With China's foreign trade dependence increasing year by year, the relationship between industrial upgrading and foreign trade mode is closer, this paper firstly analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the current foreign trade mode, gives several directions of foreign trade mode change, and then takes mode change as a guide to start further discussion on industrial structure optimization.

Keywords: foreign trade, comparative advantage, industrial upgrading

The end of the Second World War did not bring real peace to the international market, but became a place for developed countries to chase profits, and a large number of developing countries and regions have always been the "backyard" of the developed countries, and the capital for their trade is almost only natural resources and cheap labor. Their capital for trade is almost exclusively natural resources and cheap labor. China has always been a relatively resource-intensive country in terms of labor and land, and has not escaped this fate. Tracing the history of China's foreign trade, we find that the evolution of China's foreign trade system can be divided into four phases: the first phase was the state-controlled trade under the planned economy, in which the central government directly managed the import and export of a small number of specialized trading companies by means of a directive plan; the second phase was the early stage of reform and opening-up to the beginning of the establishment of a comprehensive market economy system in 1992, which saw a gradual implementation of the market economy and the opening up of part of the trade in the current period; The third stage is from 1992 to 2001, when China's labor force began to move on a large scale, coupled with international capital and technology began to enter the Chinese market, "Made in China" in foreign countries also spring up, the country began to comply with the international norms of the reform of the trade policy system; the fourth stage is the accession to the WTO in 2001 to the present, this stage is the most obvious. The fourth stage is China's accession to the WTO in 2001, the most obvious feature of this stage is that the reform of China's trade policy system has been in line with international standards, and China has a large market capacity, and developed countries with the characteristics of the complementarity of the obvious, China's benign influence on the world economy is also gradually increasing.

However, while China has been able to capitalize on its comparative advantages and rise in total income, there are some areas where it has not been able to do what it had hoped to do. First of all, the purpose of China's export-oriented trade strategy is not only to obtain the benefits of comparative advantage, but also to gradually move from the low end of the industrial chain to the high end by taking foreign investment and high technology as the forerunner, so as to realize the optimal design of the industrial structure. However, due to the implementation of the comparative advantage strategy, all places attach more importance to the development of labor-intensive industries. Expressed in the use of foreign capital is a large amount of foreign capital into the labor-intensive industries, foreign-funded enterprises to export a large number of labor-intensive products to take up China's quota, compression of the exports of domestic enterprises. In addition, foreign-funded enterprises also compete with our domestic enterprises for the domestic market. This is the opposite of our intention to use foreign capital to upgrade the industrial structure. Secondly, domestic enterprises and industries are less capable of transforming their comparative advantages into competitive advantages. Comparative advantage is a static advantage determined by a country's resource endowment and trading conditions, is the basis of competitive advantage, but comparative advantage can only form a real export competitiveness if it is eventually transformed into competitive advantage. Only by utilizing both comparative advantage and competitive advantage at the same time can we win the advantage. With the development of China's economy, income increases, labor costs increase, if you do not cultivate a sense of competition, improve the content of science and technology, accelerate product upgrading, enhance its competitiveness, then the original competitive advantage will be reduced or even become a competitive disadvantage, the original industry with comparative advantage will not necessarily become an export industry. Finally, it should be pointed out that China's industrial structure has low technological content, and the international competitiveness of export products is not strong. In the distribution of world trade benefits, due to the low technological content and low value-added of China's export products, China's share of export profits is very small. The lack of profits in the domestic export industry prevents it from expanding its scale, improving its technology and enhancing its international competitiveness, which in turn creates resistance to the upgrading of the structure of the domestic export industry. If it relies on exporting a large number of labor-intensive products with low demand elasticity for a long period of time, the country will easily fall into an embarrassing situation in which exports grow in tandem with impoverishment. In other words, exports continue to grow, but exporters are struggling.

In order to be able to win the initiative to compete in the context of globalization and get a fair share of the international trade market, the current system should be under the current system to improve and perfect the current stage of foreign trade model. The reason for this is that China's existing more backward trade model, and the lack of positive and effective macro-guidance has a lot to do. In the coming days, we can not wait for the natural growth of productive forces to realize the transformation of the trade pattern, the fierce international competition actually can not wait for us. We should take the initiative to initiate and accelerate the transformation of trade patterns in order to maintain and promote the sustained growth of the national economy. I think we should carry out the paradigm shift in the following aspects:

First, gradually establish the efficiency-oriented import and export trade pattern. To optimize the structure of import and export commodities with an eye to the long-term development of the national economy, and to give equal importance to promoting the development of productive forces and improving the welfare of the people in foreign trade. Export trade should get rid of the tendency to simply consider foreign exchange earnings, focus on the efficiency of the utilization of productive resources on the international comparison, through exports to increase the total national value, so that the people enjoy more material welfare. Similarly, import trade should also overcome the traditional habit of emphasizing production and neglecting consumption, and gradually achieve equal emphasis on production and consumption. From the perspective of the operation of the market economy, import and export trade is only a link in the circulation, and the optimization of resource allocation and the improvement of national welfare are essentially two-in-one. Only by taking national welfare as one of the main objectives of foreign trade can we give full play to the driving effect of trade on economic growth and provide broad space for the growth of foreign trade itself. Only by taking the improvement of national welfare as the basic starting point of trade can we form a more reasonable commodity price relations and an effective market adjustment mechanism, accelerate the accumulation of human capital, and prompt enterprises operating foreign trade to really put economic efficiency in the first place, and make the economic and social benefits of enterprises united.

Secondly, an integrated mode of international competition is the goal. Trade and investment tend to integration is a major feature of contemporary international economic life. Chinese commodities to further international markets, overseas investment is a key foothold, now is the time to combine China's export trade and overseas investment, should strive for the next decade or so to appear a major breakthrough. It is necessary to gain early recognition of this from all sides, and to make concerted efforts to construct a strategic high ground for future participation in international competition. On the other hand, in terms of marketing strategy, it is necessary to diversify competitive advantages and decentralize markets as soon as possible. While continuing to make use of the labor-intensive mode of comparative advantage, we should make great efforts to cultivate and strengthen the export of high-tech products; while attaching importance to the export of material commodities, we should vigorously promote the export of labor and technology; while giving full play to the role of material factors of production, we should make every effort to form and make use of China's intangible assets. Foreign trade should really realize all-round openness and enhance its influence on global economic development.

Finally, a neutral macro-control model should be implemented. Trade mode of conversion process of institutional innovation has a pivotal impact. It is imperative to eliminate as soon as possible the discrimination against exports that still exists in practice. The convergence of the RMB exchange rate and the implementation of a managed floating exchange rate system will have a strong stimulating effect on exports, and it is necessary to make this new system enter into benign operation as soon as possible, while deepening reforms in other areas. In the long run, it is appropriate for China to adopt the policy of basic balance of import and export trade. As mentioned at the beginning of this paper, as a large country, it is inappropriate to unilaterally advocate an export-oriented approach, and it is difficult to meet the external conditions. Foreign trade actually functions as a special industrial sector, and we should adopt an industrial-oriented policy for the development of trade. Except for some occasions related to national defense and so on, we should abolish the privileges or preferences of departments or regions in operating foreign trade business, liberalize the operation, compete on an equal footing, and implement the measures to encourage exports according to their actual performance. The vitality of the market economy comes from competition, which also applies to the development and transformation of trade.

Trade mode change on industrial restructuring has a positive guiding significance, we should see that the upgrading of industrial structure is closely related to the transformation of foreign trade policy, we should pay attention to the relationship between the two in order to achieve the international trade market and the domestic market to promote each other, *** with the purpose of prosperity. This paper believes that we should start from the following aspects:

First, trade policy and industrial policy to match. Macro and microeconomic environment, loose innovation environment, effective industrial policy and trade policy is to promote industrial upgrading of the guarantee. The reason why the United States in the development of high-tech in the world far ahead, thanks to the Reagan period of deregulation and the Clinton government's good industrial policy. For example, the first technology policy of the United States was the provision on the promotion of science and technology directly written into the U.S. Constitution to guarantee the rights and interests of inventors. Since the 1980s, the United States has taken a series of measures to require trade target countries, especially Japan and the European Union countries with close levels of economic and technological development, to open their markets and expand imports of high-tech products such as computers and mobile communications equipment to the United States. In order to encourage U.S. enterprises to export high-tech products, the U.S. government also set up a low-interest loan fund for export enterprises, reduce or waive part of the tax, the implementation of export subsidies.

Secondly, following the comparative advantage to accurately locate the leading industries is the key. The leading industries are the key industries on which the economic development of a country depends in a certain period of time, and these industries form the "leading" of the national economy at different stages of development, and occupy a larger proportion in the industrial structure, and have a strong forward pull or backward push effect on the overall economic development and the development of other industries. Since the first industrial revolution in modern times, there have been five leading industries in the history of industrial development in the world, in the following order: cotton textile industry, iron and steel industry, railroad construction industry. Electricity, automobile, chemical and iron and steel industries, automobile, petroleum, iron and steel, consumer durables industry, information industry. The selection of leading industries and the process of industrial upgrading in most countries around the world have followed this natural historical process. The success of Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" lies in the fact that at each stage of economic development, they were able to play their role as the leading industries of the time. Factor endowment structure determined by the comparative advantage, the formation of the corresponding leading industries, rather than out of their own comparative advantage to catch up; with the economic development, capital accumulation, per capita capital ownership increased. Accumulation, per capita capital ownership increases, the leading industries from labor-intensive gradually shifted to capital-intensive, thus achieving rapid economic development. China is a vast country, the level of local economic development varies greatly, structural adjustment can not be uniform, one size fits all, to set up different leading industries in different areas. The leading industries are characterized by multi-level, comprehensive and sequential turnover. Specifically for our country, the eastern region is densely populated, with good economic foundation, high capital accumulation rate and leading economic development level in the country. In the past, the focus of the industry is mostly on light industry, electronics, textile and garment industry, etc. After a certain accumulation, the eastern provinces now also put their developmental vision on the technology-intensive, knowledge- and capital-concentrated high added-value products, such as bio-pharmaceuticals, network communication and financial service industries. service industries such as finance. Since the east has gathered a large number of cutting-edge scientific and technological talents, the task of transforming science and technology into real productive forces and fostering new economic growth industries to maintain the vitality of national economic growth should also be accomplished by the east first. The western part of the country is different from the eastern part of the country due to the natural conditions, sparsely populated, so it is not suitable for the eastern part of the country to promote the large-scale machinery and equipment manufacturing, metal smelting, petrochemical, chemical and other industries, which are the pillars of China's national economy should be placed in the western part of the country to carry out. At present, China's proposed implementation of the western development, promote the coordinated development of regional measures, but also part of the industry will be transferred to the west, to the east of industrial development to drive the development of industries in the west.

Third, vigorously develop human resources, accelerate the development of education, and promote scientific and technological progress and innovation. This is particularly evident in the development process in Japan. Post-war Japan's rapid economic development thanks to its complete education system and a large number of educated scientific and technological talents and labor force. With the advent of knowledge-based economy and information age, the competition among countries is mainly manifested as the competition for talents, and the reason why the United States has set up the position of the number one economic and military power is because the United States has collected the world's best talents to serve for it. The competition for talents is the focus of industrial competition. Over the years, the United States in the development of high-tech, especially in information technology, a major reason is that the United States can make full use of the wisdom and skills of information technology professionals in other countries for its use. And our country as the world's largest country in terms of population, in the labor force resources can be said to be invincible, but qualitatively can not even be compared with Hong Kong, Singapore and other places. Population, less talent, this factor can be said to be the most important factor affecting our economic development, because the labor force is the most active and revolutionary factors in the development of productive forces, scientific and technological factors ultimately have to be digested and absorbed into the reality of productive forces in order to play its role. It can be seen from Japan's economic development that the key to the cultivation of technological innovation lies in the development of theories in the field of basic research. Therefore, education is the final destination and driving force of a country's development, education is a hundred-year plan, is the wings of the economic takeoff, only the development of education can make progress in society.

Fourth, high-tech-oriented, increase investment in science and technology. For a long time, the developing countries in scientific research personnel, scientific and technological investment and scientific and technological activities are seriously inadequate, low technological innovation capacity, technological progress depends on the introduction and absorption of foreign advanced technology, thus seriously constraining the course and pace of development of the economy of each country and region. Relevant studies show that more than 90% of the world's scientific and technological investment, scientific and technological personnel and scientific and technological activities are concentrated in developed countries, and their annual funding for scientific research accounts for 2.9% of their gross domestic product (GDP), whereas the annual funding for scientific research in many developing countries accounts for less than 1/10 of the GDP of developed countries, and its distribution is very uneven, with most of it concentrated in a small number of developed regions. High-technology industries led by information technology have increasingly become the decisive force for the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and have also greatly shortened the process of industrialization. Our country should seize the opportunity, make full use of the advantage of latecomer, vigorously promote the informatization of the national economy represented by the informatization of the manufacturing industry, and drive the industrialization by informatization. On the one hand, it should be adapted to local conditions, according to the resource advantages and internal and external resources letter configuration conditions, to establish the focus of each region to develop and foster the strategic relationship between industrial upgrading and foreign trade development of the study of high-tech industries, and high-tech and advanced applicable technologies to transform traditional industries, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, create competitive advantages, and realize the leapfrog development of productivity of the whole society.

References:

[1]Yang Jianlong. Status, Trend and Policy Orientation of China's Industrial Structure Adjustment. Economic Research Reference, 2003

[2]He Weida, He Chang. WTO and China's Industrial Upgrading. Beijing: China Audit Press, 2000

[3]Li Zhaohua. Review of new theories on China's foreign trade strategy. Economist, 2003