The characteristics of the official system of the Sui and Tang dynasties, that is, the characteristics of the sui-tang xu-liang, not the official system is the official system, looking for guidance~

I The composition of the central clerical officials of the Sui and Tang dynasties

The Sui and Tang dynasties are an important period in the development of the ancient Chinese bureaucracy, and the study of the Sui and Tang dynasties' officials has gradually attracted the attention of scholars. Mr. Jisaburo Tsukiyama of Japan, Mr. Zhang Guangda of China, Mr. Yu Lunian, Mr. Lian Xiangmin and other scholars have made special researches on the officials of the Tang Dynasty. The exploration of the Sui and Tang Xuyun officials is more centered around the "main canon" and "foreign officials", represented by the achievements of Mr. Wang Yongxing, Mr. Guo Feng, Mr. Li Jinxiu, and Mr. Ren Shiyin. These provide a solid foundation for further research[1].

The so-called xuxu officials include those who specialize in handling all kinds of documents in the government, those who deal with specific affairs and technical staff, and those who are engaged in other miscellaneous duties. This paper takes the first part as the object of study. Song Dynasty classification is relatively clear. Under the government, those engaged in clerical work were called "mandarins", while those engaged in specific affairs were called "public officials". Reflected in the system, the central institutions of the establishment of officials, officials have clear provisions, such as the Song History, Volume 161, "Officials a" recorded Shangshu province "set up nine officials: Shangshu order, about the Servant, about the Prime Minister, about the Department of the Langzhong, the staff of Langlang. ...... There were sixty-four officials: three ministers, six chief ministers, ten four ministers, thirty-five ministers, and six guards." But the Sui and Tang clerks and officials were a class in the process of formation, and their degree of differentiation was not as great as that of the Song dynasty. In the Tang Law, the concept of "mandarin" is relatively broad, "Tang Law Review" Volume 1, a routine law to explain the "mandarin, pawns to kill the head of the Ministry of the fifth grade or above," the cloud: "Mandarins, so-called outside the flow of the following officials. Pawns are the commoners, guards and the like." Accordingly, all those who served in the government, except for the "pawns", "those below the rank of the (exiled) Hoon, I and the common people"[2] were all mandarins. In the Tang conception of "official", there is a broad sense of "who is not a mandarin among all the deacons? In the Tang concept of "mandarin", there are two meanings: "who is not a mandarin?" in the broad sense, and "mandarin" in the narrow sense, "mandarin is the office of the head of the government, which is the ear of the present day, and is not the case of the ministers of state"[3]. In the administrative system of the Sui and Tang dynasties, there is no concept that can accurately correspond to the collection of people who "specialize in handling all kinds of documents in the government". Therefore, it is necessary to make a brief analysis of the composition of the clerical officials in the central civil bureaucracy of the Sui and Tang dynasties, focusing on the core task of clerical officials, which is the handling of documents, and taking into account the social concepts of the Tang dynasty as well as the direction of the development of the position.

In the central government, the clerical staff of the foreign officials, i.e., the "chief minister" concept is roughly comparable to the "order history, book order history" of the Taiwan Province, the temple supervisor, "government, history", etc., are the most important officials in the central government. The foreign officials of the Sui and Tang dynasties constituted the main body of the Suxian officials. Scholars agree on this point. The Tang system of their duties are clearly defined, "the Shangshu province, the book, the book of the history and copy the documents of the Department", "to the master, the book, the book, the book of the history of the Department overlay case, out of the symbols of the title", "where the history of the book of the case of the book of documents "and so on[4]. House, the history of the duties and similar, such as the "Dunhuang hair see Yong Hui East Palace staff order scrolls" recorded home order temple "House ten people in charge of the matter on the copy, the line of the Department of the text case. The rest of the House to this. History of twenty people in charge of the same House"[5].

However, the concept of the "out-of-stream officials" does not cover all the clerical officials in the Sui and Tang institutions.

First of all, the huge number of local magistrates and other clerical officials did not belong to the category of "displaced officials"[6]. Secondly, as far as the central civil bureaucracy was concerned, there were still some clerical officials whose status was still below that of an exiled official. The vast majority of the officials in the order history, the book order history, the government, and the history were lay officials, but comparing the setting up of the staff of each government in the Sixth Tang Dynasty Canon with the lay officials in the 25th year of the reign of Emperor Kaiyuan (737) contained in Volume 40 of the General Canon at about the same time, the governments and histories of the metallurgical, the canton, and the money-casting supervisory organizations were not lay officials. In addition, according to the "six canons of the Tang dynasty", in the secretary of the province of writings, the temple in the province, the province of the chamberlain and the prince of the left spring Fang bureaus, there is a "clerks", clerks with the book of history, the book of history of the nature of the book is similar to the "Dunhuang found Yong Hui Donggong all the staff of the Palace of the order of the remnants of the scrolls" clearly recorded its duties, such as the Secretary of the Bureau of the Department of the Book under the record, "the book of history of two people The other bureau of the book order history to follow this. The rest of the Bureau of the Book Order History. Four clerks were in charge of the same books and records"[7]. It can be seen that the duties of the bookkeeper and the previous quote, the book of the history, the book of the history, the government, the duties of the history of the same, when the documents for the specialization of the Xu, but the bookkeeper is not in the flow of foreign officials.

Additionally, the ministers of the Shangshu, the ministers of the Menxia, the ministers of the Zhongshu, the ministers of the provinces, the Imperial Palace, the ministers of the Donggong, and the ministers of the Temple Supervisory Office were the lower-ranking officials of the stream, which, in view of their duties and the social conception of the Tang people that they were regarded as officials of the Hsün-yüan (胥吏), should be included in the scope of our investigation. Among them, Mr. Zhang Guangda has already proved that the legal ninth-grade officials, such as masters and temple supervisors, were regarded as out-of-stream in the social conception of the Tang people and were classified as mandarins. Along this line, the same is true of the three officials, namely, the Minister of the Shangshu, the Minister of Records under the Gate, and the Chief Minister of the Zhongshu. Their duties were to handle documents, and their duties were related to documents, as can be seen from the names "matter" or "book"[8]. In the case of the recorders under the door, "the Tang law review" volume five name of the law stipulates: "the Shangshu province should play things, must be edge under the door, with the form of ultimatums under the door of the province, quasi-format in accordance with the order, the first under the door of the recorders to survey, to the readings of the yellow door ministers, the province of the ministers, the review of the ministers." Visible under the door recorders have in accordance with the order to survey and check the responsibility of the instrument. In the Tang Dynasty, they are also regarded as the Xu official. Such as the thirteenth year of the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the ceremony of Zen, "the central book order Zhang said since the official of the mountain, more than two provinces cited recordings of the main book and their own pro regent and on". Zhang Jiuling, a writer in the middle book, disliked the practice of Zhang said, said to him: "now Dengfeng equipment, once in a thousand years. Qingliu high-grade, do not Mu special grace, the last class of the Xuxu, the first to add the chapter sash, but I fear that after the system out, the four sides of the disappointment"[9]. Zhang Jiuling regarded the ministers and the chief ministers as the last class of officials. The situation of the chief secretary of the central government was similar. The title of the chief secretary of the central government was to "supervise the books of the central government"[10] . In the eyes of the Tang, he was also an official. For example, when Yuan Zai was the minister of Emperor Daizong, he reused Zhuo Yingqian and Li Dangrong, who were called "external officials"[11] . Another example is the beginning of Emperor Xianzong, Zheng Yuqing as the phase, the theft of power to interfere in politics of the main book slippery lax "re to store it with the Xuxu, when the theory of the weight"[12], visible in the Tang people think, Xuxu is the main book of the status of the rightful identity. Therefore, in terms of their duties, candidates, and origins, they were all closely related to the officials outside the stream, such as the ministers of the order and the ministers of the book, and not only were they regarded as ministers at that time, but also, from the perspective of their development, they were ultimately institutionalized into the mandarins' positions in the Song Dynasty[15]. Therefore, it is important to examine the low-level officials of the Sui and Tang dynasties, such as the ministers of the Shangshu (尚书都事), the ministers of the Menxia (门下录事), the ministers of the Zhongshu (中書主書), and the low-level officials of the provinces, the Imperial Palace (御史台), the ministers of the Eastern Palace (東宮主事) and the ministers of the Temple (寺监录事).

Similarly, the concept of the "principal canon" does not cover all the clerical officials in the Sui and Tang institutions.

First, from the conceptual point of view, the main canon is one of the four officials, and the hook official is one of the four officials. In the Tang law, such as "the judge for the first class, the main canon for the first class ...... prosecution, the hook of the official, with the crime of the next from", "the main canon and the prosecution, the hook of the official for the fourth from"[16] and other legal texts All of these texts indicate that the officials in charge and the principal officials are in a parallel relationship, so it is natural that the officials in the Temple Supervisory Department who are officials in charge of the Temple Supervisory Department, such as the Recorder, do not belong to the principal officials. To take another example, the above has proved that the minister under the door was a Xu-minister, and Mr. Wang Yongxing thought that he was not a hook official[17] , and at the same time, he was not a principal official either. Not the main code, because the Tang law stipulates that "the Shangshu province should play things, must be edge of the door under the person, to the form of ultimatum door under the province, quasi-format in accordance with the order, the first door under the recorders survey, to the readings of the yellow door ministers, the province, the ministers of the review. There is a misbehavior, according to the law to refute the corrections, but ultimatum provincial division. If there is a misbehavior, not refute the correct person, recorders above, reduce the province from the first class. ...... refute the law, only in the record above, so the master of the code, the law is not guilty "[18], can be seen under the door of the record is not the master of the code.

Operating process around the instrument, there is also a part of the document is responsible for the transmission of the work of the Xu. For example, the Tang dynasty under the door of the province, the province of the Central Committee of the system have a "pass system" position. Under the door of the province has a "system of eight people", "in charge of sending the system of edicts. Stream outside, the most minor officials, sub-fan up and down, also known as the fan official "[19]. Similarly, the Tang system stipulates that the lower level of the Ministry of mandarins should not serve as a loose official up and down, "if the provinces have to make a person to send a charm and all the departments have to make a person, and take the Ministry of the Army, the Ministry of mandarins loose official on"[20]. The status of these people was very low, below that of the ministers and officials, and the history said that they were "very lowly, and when they were on duty, some of them would guard the key and bibimbap for the ministers and ministers"[21]. Although these people were related to paperwork, they were not participants in the formation of paperwork, and their duties were in fact those of minor officials engaged in miscellaneous duties, so this paper pays no attention to them.

Through the above, in the classification system of officials in the Tang Dynasty, the phenomenon that most of the clerical officials belonged to the officials in charge of the documents showed that they were responsible for the documents; and the phenomenon that most of the clerical officials belonged to the officials outside of the stream showed that they had a low status and tended to be separated from the officials. But at the same time, these concepts can't accommodate all the clerical officials in the Sui and Tang dynasties, such as the ministers under the door, who were neither officials nor principal officials, and the chief ministers of the middle books and the chief ministers of the departments, etc., who were officials in the stream in the law, but belonged to the clerks in the view of the social concepts; the clerks of the books and some of the prefectures and the historians were the clerks, but they were not of any foreign rank. It can be seen in the Sui and Tang dynasties, in the social concept of the concept of xuxu official has been recognized, but the more rigorous concept of xuxu official has not yet appeared in the system.

Based on this, according to the characteristics of the close connection between the xuxu officials and the politics of paperwork, from the perspective of development, we will specialize in the handling of paperwork, that is, shangshu dushi, menxia recorder, zhongshu main book, all the divisions of the chief minister, the main book, the recorder, and so on part of the stream of the internal officials, and the order of the Shi, the book of the Shi, the government, the history of the stream of the external officials, as well as the book official, part of the government, history, and other streams of the following personnel to be examined as a system, because the scholars have conducted in-depth studies on the duties and management of the officials and their role in the administration of the Sui and Tang dynasties from different perspectives, but there are still few studies on the organizational system of the clerical officials within the central government, so this paper focuses on the development of the organizational system of the clerical officials in the central government from the late North and South Dynasties to the middle of the Tang Dynasty under the term "official", trying to explore the process and links of the development of the organizational system of the clerical officials in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and to explore the development of the organizational system of the clerical officials under the term "official". This paper focuses on the process and links of the development of an organizational system of clerks and officials under the "government" in the central civil bureaucracy from the late Northern and Southern Dynasties to the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and tries to explore the characteristics of the development of the "officials" specialized in clerical work in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the significance of such characteristics in the historical process of the "separation of government officials".

The initial formation of the central clerical system in the Sui dynasty

The unification of the Sui dynasty and the strengthening of its control over the localities led to a dramatic increase in the affairs of the central government, and the need to deal with clerical matters reached an unprecedented level, which greatly stimulated the development of clerical staff in the government, resulting in what Niu Hong called "a situation in which the number of clerical staff has increased a hundredfold"[22] compared to that of the previous period. This greatly stimulated the development of clerical staff in the government, resulting in what Niu Hong called "a hundred times as many orders as before,"[22] while at the same time making the orders "progressively more humble and redundant"[23] due to the "tediousness of paperwork". The increase in the number of clerical personnel and the general decline in their status constituted the basic conditions for the formation of a system of clerical officials under the civil official system.

Contrasting with earlier and later generations, the reform and improvement of the organization of the clerical system within the central civil bureaucracy of the Sui dynasty is particularly striking, and this is most evident in the three provinces, which served as the core of decision-making and administration. With the gradual establishment of the three-province system, the three provinces tended to be balanced, and the six ministries and nine temples were clearly divided[24] . In the institutional adjustment of Emperor Wen and Emperor Yang, the system of north and south was synthesized, so that the personnel specialized in clerical work in the central government were unified in terms of title and grade, and initially formed a system, so that the class of "mandarins" appeared in the central core of the central administrative institutions. The main performance in the following aspects.

(a) the three provinces of Shangshu, Menxia, and Nei Shi were divided into officials in charge of paperwork, the Minister, the Recorder, and the Lord of the Book.

One of them, the Shangshu Du ministry in the previous generation called the Shangshu Du Lingshi, eight in the Northern Qi, Liang and Chen each five. Sui Wendi changed the name to Shangshu Dushi, and there were eight of them. It was changed to six, is Emperor Yang in Daye three years (607) when the order, from "when the number of eight seats" to "when the number of six Cao", so that "subordinate six Shangshu, leading six Cao matter"[25 ]. And the door under the province of record is the system of the Northern Dynasties, the Northern Qi set from the eighth grade record four people, Liang, Chen did not see the record of the door under the record, Sui set the door under the record of six people. In the previous generation, there was the main book (or the main book of order history) in the Central Book Province. Tang six canon" vol. 9 "in the province" "main book" article note: "Liang's not set", this error. Although in the "Sui book - hundred officials", "general code - official three" also did not record whether the main book of Liang, but in the history of the Liang dynasty, more than see the "main book" of the record, such as "Liang book" volume 38 "He Chen biography" records: "Gao Zu was furious, summoned the main book in front of the mouth of the edicts to blame Sam". He also wrote, "Something happened, the master was sent to the front, and he was scolded. There are also "something to send the main book to discuss the decision"; "send the main book to declare the decree" and so on [26]. It can be seen that Liang Zhongshu Province has a main book. After that, "Chen's Zhongshu set the main book ten people", "Northern Qi ten people"[27]. In the Sui Dynasty, the province of Zhongshu was renamed Neishi Province, and ten chief shusu of Neishi were set up.

In the case of the Northern Qi, Liang and Chen, the three officials are placed only in the Northern Qi, and its grade is slightly different, according to the "Sui Book - Hundred Officials", the Northern Qi Shangshu Du Ling Shi, the door under the Records for the top of the eighth grade, the main book of the Central Book of the eight grades down. Sui in the adjustment of its name, the number of at the same time, its grade also tends to be consistent, all things, recorders, the main book, the Sui Wendi are from the eighth grade [28], Emperor Yang Daye three years to make the same rise to the eighth grade.

(ii) the general setup and the establishment of the status of the Department of the master.

During the North and South Dynasties, the establishment of the chief ministers or chief ministers of the three provinces was confusing. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, there were eight ministers of the eighth rank in the province under the gate, and there were no ministers in the province of the Central Book[29]. Among the twenty-eight cao in the Shangshu Province, only "the Ministry of Appointments, Yi Cao, the three public officials, the Ministry of Yu, Du Guan, the two thousand stone, than the Ministry of the Left Household, each measure of the matter to be placed in charge of the principal ministers"[30]. Visible, within the Shangshu province? Not all the Cao have master, and its status seems to be in the "palmistry" below.

Southern Liang, "Sui Shu - Hundred Officials" records Liang Zhongshu Province "has the general affairs of the Sherman, the principal officer, and other members, and the placement of the order of history, to undertake the work". It can be seen that the central book province has the chief minister, but did not record its rank. The six canons of Tang Dynasty - Zhongshu Province "" master " article note:" successive Song, Qi, Zhongshu? Place the chief minister, and the eighth grade. Liang Zhongshu, two people, the eighth grade." This article is the main article in the book, which is recorded in the beam "in the book of history", doubtful, and before and after the note are recorded in the main also does not match. In the same volume, the note on the article of "History of the Order" reads: "In Liang, there were eight officials of the Central Book of the Order, and twelve officials of the Book of the Order, all of whom were of the ninth rank." The number of members, grade are contradictory to the former "chief minister" article so-called "the Chinese book order history". Comparing the two, taking into account the situation that Liang Zhongshu Province had "principal ministers and ministers", it can be seen that the note on the article of the principal omits the word "principal", which should be recorded as "Liang Zhongshu (principal) ministers and ministers of the two, the eighth grade. " In the province of Liang Menxia, there was a minister under the door, who was a third-grade official[31]. There is no record of a chief minister or chief minister-ordering historian in the Liang Shangshu Province.

Southern Chen Dynasty, according to the "Six Canons of the Tang Dynasty" (唐六典-门下省), there was an official in the province of Chen. But the number of members, grade is not known. Zhongshu Province whether there is the chief minister or the chief minister, there are differences in historical sources. Sui Shu - Hundred Officials on the record of the Chen Zhongshu Province cloud: "there are five Zhongshu Sherman, leading the chief minister 10, 200 clerks." This is the same as the general preface of the Ministry of Taiwan Province in Volume 457 of the Book of Yuan Turtle. However, the six canons of the Tang dynasty - the province of the central secretary of the "master" note is clearly recorded: "Chen does not place". We believe that the "Sui book", "book of Yuan Gui" is wrong. Mr. Zhu Zongbin has examined this [32], and will slightly add here. According to the "general code - official three" "in the province" record: "the province has five people in the middle of the book, leading the main book of ten people, the book of two hundred people." The same volume of the "main book" article records "Qi in the middle of the book of the main book of history. Chen placed the main book, but removed the name of the secretary." The six canons of the Tang Dynasty - Zhongshu Province, "the main book" article note: "Chen's Zhongshu set the main book of ten people, and go to the name of the order of the Secretary." The ****similarity between the two records is that they both record "the main book of ten people," the "Six Canons of the Tang Dynasty" explicitly states that the Chen Zhongshu Province does not have a chief minister, and the "Tongdian" also does not record that it has a chief minister. In this way, in the "Sui Shu" and the "Book of Yuan Turtle"? The premise that there is the chief minister and do not record the main book, the focus of the problem becomes in the middle of the book under the Sheriff, above the clerks, is to put "the chief minister ten people", or to put "the main book ten people"? Review of historical data, Chen Dynasty, Shi Wenqing "from the lowly, with officials, the master of the Lord plucked as the main book, moved to the Secretary". There is also "the main book of the edict, the Sheriff edge of the road to meet" Hengyang dedicated Wang Chang [33]. And did not see the record of "the head of the middle book". Therefore, the Sui Shu, "the chief minister ten people" for "the main book ten people" error, Chen Zhongshu Province is indeed "do not have the chief minister". Chen Shangshu Province, also did not find the record of the establishment of the chief minister.

The above can be seen, the previous generation is not the three provinces have the master or the master of the order of the history, and the same as the master, the status is also different. Sui Kaihuang continued this phenomenon, until the Sui emperor Kaihuang fourteen years, the provinces are set up in the upper rank of the nine grades of the master order history [34], so that in the three provinces are set up in the master order history, reversing the North and South Dynasties since the three provinces in the master or the master order history set up erratic, the situation of the grade is not the same, Emperor Yang Daye three years of the master order history of the Department of the master and to go to the 'order history' of the name, but said that the master order history of the three provinces is not the master, the master order history of the three provinces is not the master. 's name, but said that the master, with Cao idle drama, and every ten orders of the history of a master, less than ten also a person"[35] of the order, further clarified the ministries and departments of the master and the order of the history of the configuration of the relationship between and subordination. And the historical materials appear in the Sui "the official department," "the Ministry of Justice," "the Ministry of Criminal Affairs," "Tuen Mun," "Yu Department "[36] Reflecting the six departments of the twenty-four divisions of the Sui, at least many of them have a master. According to Sui Shu - Hundred Officials, there was a Tun Tian Cao in the Shangshu Province of the Northern Qi Dynasty, but the Tun Tian Cao did not have a chief minister. Therefore, the establishment of the "Tuantian master" of the Sui Tuantian Cao was a manifestation of the generalization of the establishment of the master in each division.

(3) The establishment of the order history and book order history in all the departments was generalized and all of them were downgraded to the status of foreign officials.

Sui-Shu - Hundred Officials in the record of the Northern Qi "since the provinces, the government temples, each due to its complexity and simplicity and set officials. There is a history of the order, the book of the order of the history of the book, the book of the subordinate". In the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Shangshu Province had "Zhengling Shi and Shuling Shi"[37]. The Six Canons of the Tang Dynasty (《唐六典》卷八、九中有 "Beiqi门下并有令史、书令史"，"Beiqi Zhongshu并有令史", respectively. It can be seen that the three provinces in each division are set to make the history, the book to make the history. But the number of members, grade is not known.

Liang shangshu province has one hundred and twenty order history, book order history of one hundred and thirty people, of which, "shangshu dushi three just order history, shangshu DuGuanZuoZhongJingJingShi" for the third rank, "shangshu ZhengJingShi, shangshu supervise the registration of the ZhengJingShi" for the third rank [38]. ]. In the Zhongshu Province, according to the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty - Zhongshu Province, "there were eight Liang Zhongshu Lingshi and twelve Zhongshu Lingshi, all of whom were of the ninth rank". In the Liang Menxia Province, there were the Lingshi and Shu Lingshi, of which the Lingshi were of the ninth rank[39].

To Chen, according to the Tang Six Canons, Volume 1, "History of the Order", the Shangshu Province, the Secretary of the Order. In the Central Book Province, there was "no official historian", but "200 clerks, and if there were not enough clerks, the assistant clerks would be taken"[40]. In the lower part of the province, following the Liang system, there were the ministers of history and the ministers of books.

The three provinces of Northern Qi, Liang, and Chen, except for Chen's Zhongshu Province, which was more special, had basically formed the structure of ordering and ordering history. The Sui dynasty in the inheritance at the same time, its reform is mainly manifested in the increase in the number and taste of adjustment. North and South Dynasties, the number of officials in the three provinces are not contained in the historical data, only a little bit of the Liang system, the Shangshu Province, there are one hundred and twenty people in the order of the history, the book of the history of one hundred and thirty people; in the province of the order of the history of the eight people in the order of the history of the book of the twelve people. This is several times different from the six canons of the Tang dynasty, which recorded that there were three hundred officials in the Shangshu province and nearly six hundred officials in the Shulin province, and that there were twenty-five officials in the Zhongshu province and fifty officials in the Shulin province. Although the Sui dynasty did not see the specific number of mandarins, but from the ministry of mandarins, Niu Hong said "now the history of the order of a hundred times more than before", the trend of the increase in the number of mandarins is undoubtedly. In the order of the history, the book of the history of the grade, since the Wei and Jin dynasties, that is, "often light", the North and South Dynasties, "benefits and micro-carrying on", Liang Shangshu Province, some of the order of the history of the stream is already outside of the three products outside of the Yunbit or the three products of the honorary position. Sui followed this trend, the history said that the history of the Shangshu Province, "the selection of lowly, starting from Sui"[41]. The history says that the history of Shangshu province "was first selected and lowered from Sui"[41], while the history of Zhongshu and Menxia provinces, which were still internal officials in the previous generation, "was lowered to the status of an external office at the beginning of the Kaihuang period"[42]. In this way, the three provinces were more neatly organized in terms of their settings and grades. In addition, the relationship between the historiographer and the shu shi was not very clear, for example, in Liang the shu shi and the shu shi were both of the ninth rank. Sui three provinces, although there is no specific record of this, but the six canons of the Tang Dynasty, Volume 10, "Secretary of the province" "to the history of" article records: "Sui secretary to the history of the four, outside the stream of two; book to the history of nine, outside the stream of three." From this we can see that the relationship between the Sui Secretary and the Book Secretary has been established.

(4) The distinction between the stage-provincial shu-shi and the temple-monitor shu-shi.

Beiqi's "provinces and provinces and temples, each according to its own complexity and simplicity, and the officials. There are order history, book order history, the book of officials", Taiwan Province, Temple Supervision of officials without different principles. Emperor Yang Daye three years, in addition to the Shangshu Province, "the remaining four provinces, three Taiwan, are also said to be the history of the nine temples and five supervisors of the guards, are said to be the history of the House"[43]. With the gradual clarification of the division of labor between the provinces and the temples, the names of their officials also became distinctly different.

Through the above brief analysis, it can be seen that, with the establishment of the three-province system and the gradual rationalization of the relationship between the three provinces, six ministries and the temple supervisors, the changes in the central civil bureaucracy of the clerical officials, mainly through the reform of the institutions of the Sui dynasty during the Kaihuang and Daye years, and the three-province system, the requirements of the system of the north and south of the old system of the integrated system, change the system of the previous generation of the job title of the different, unclear level of the chaotic state of the three provinces set up Shangshu, Duzhi, Munshi Records, and the three provinces, the three provinces are divided into the three provinces. In the three provinces, there were Shangshu, Du shi, Menxia shi, and Nei shi, and in the twenty-four divisions of the six ministries of the three provinces, which were the core of decision-making and administration, a neatly organized system of dealing with paperwork centered on the chief ministers, order historians, and shu shi was set up (see Exhibit 1). As the order historians and shu shi were all relegated to the rank of out-of-control officials, a chief minister of the ninth grade was set up for every 10 order historians, and because of the difference between the order historians of the Taiwan provinces and the historians of the temple supervisors and prefectural historians, the vertical hierarchy as well as the distinction between the institutions became even clearer. The vertical hierarchy and the distinction between organizations became clearer. The organizational system of the clerical officials took shape and laid the foundation for the direction of future development.

The development of the organizational system of central clerical officials in the first half of the Tang dynasty

From the Sui dynasty to the middle of the Tang dynasty, the central political system centered on the three-province system was adjusted continuously, but was relatively stable on the whole. From the point of view of the development and establishment of the system of the central civil bureaucracy, the epoch-making achievements of the Sui Dynasty laid down the direction of development, and the development of the system in the early Tang Dynasty was mainly expanded and standardized on the basis of the Sui Dynasty, which in turn led to the formation of the three relatively independent sequences of the posts of ministers corresponding to the functions and status of the institution.

The beginning of the Tang Dynasty completely inherited the reform results of the Sui Dynasty. In the Sui dynasty, under the trend of uniformity, the three provinces of Shangshu, Menxia, and Zhongshu were divided into the Ministry, Records, and the main book, and the same rise to the seventh rank. In the three provinces, six ministries and twenty-four departments, the chief ministers[44] were placed above the commanding and ordering ministers, and were also elevated to the ninth rank. The ministers of the three provinces, six ministries, and twenty-four divisions were of the second rank and the second rank, respectively. The government of a temple or a prison was of the third rank and the history of a temple or a prison was of the fourth rank.

What we can see of the development of the sui system was mainly in the three provinces, six ministries and temples. In the early Tang Dynasty, the whole system was gradually extended to other institutions of the central government. In the Sui secretarial department, there were "four ministers and historians, of the second rank, and nine ministers and historians, of the third rank". Tang copied it completely, without any change. At the same time, the Tang set up a new minister of the ninth rank on top of the secretaries, "to take charge of the seals and to check and examine the mistakes"[45]. The Tang inherited the system from Emperor Yang, who had created two ministers for the province of the middle of the palace[46]. In the province of the chamberlain, the Sui dynasty province of the chamberlain originally "two masters, Kaihuang sixteen years, the addition of the chamberlain master of twenty members, in order to undertake the cabinet". From the point of view of their positions, there is a certain gap with the master who specialized in handling documents. Tang set from the ninth grade, two masters "in charge of the payment of things to check the provincial copy also"[47] . On the other hand, according to "Sui Shu - Hundred Officials", after the third year of Emperor Yang's reign, the Inner Chamberlain Province was changed into the Changqiu Supervisor, which was one of the five supervisors. According to the order of "the nine temples, the five prisons, and all the guards are called prefectural historians", the officials under the head of the Changqiu Prisons became prefectural historians. In the Tang Dynasty, it was transformed into the Ministry of the Interior, and the Secretaries of the Secretaries and the Ministers of the Interior were appointed. In this way, the three provinces of the secretary, the inner ministry and the palace, like the three provinces of the ministers, the ministers and the ministers, constituted a system of "ministers, ministers and ministers of books".

The most striking aspect of the development of the central civil bureaucracy in the early Tang dynasty was the standardization of the entire system, which was mainly manifested in the formation of three relatively independent official positions.

The relevant information is mainly concentrated in the Old Tang Book - Officials Zhi, the New Tang Book - Hundred Officials Zhi, the Tang Six Canons. However, there is a considerable gap between the relevant records of the three books, especially the Old Book of Tang and the other two books in certain organizations, such as the Prince Zuochunfang six bureaus and so on differ greatly. How to explain these differences, related to the nature of the Old Tang Book - Official Records. Scholarship is generally believed that: "(The old Tang Book)" "Officials Zhi" three volumes, the main account of the former Dai Zong set up the situation, but did not take the Weishu "Tang Book". Zhi" a "record of Yongtai two years of the official", "Zhi" two, "Zhi" three of the text of many directly recorded from the "six canons of the Tang Dynasty" and the then surviving "Palace Guards Order", "military defense order" and so on. The system after Daizong was supplemented most by the changes in the Dezong dynasty"[48]. There is room for further discussion of the above viewpoints, especially the fact that they are "recorded directly from the Six Tang Dynasty Canons without taking from Wei Shu's Tang Shu". Therefore, for the sake of caution, this paper assumes that the three books have their own independent historical sources, and analyzes each institution as a research unit, and seeks to explain the differences closer to the historical facts on the basis of the broken generations, so as to provide as reliable a basis for further analysis as possible. Because of the complexity of the content and space constraints, the following, only a few representative organizations to try to discuss.

(1) the former "note [44]" text has explained that "the old Tang Book" Ministry of mandarins, "Ministry of mandarins Langzhong" article lack of the Ministry of mandarins for the omission of the fact that the pre-Tang Dynasty has always been the existence of the Ministry of mandarins, a post.

(2) "Old Tang Book - Officials II" Ministry of Rites "ancestral temple" article, "the master of two people, order history five people, the book order history eleven people, the pavilion chief six people, the palm of the solid eight people. The Six Tang Canons - The Department of Rites and Ceremonies and the New Tang Book - The Hundred Officials I both state that there were "two chiefs, six ministers, thirteen ministers, and four ministers". The difference lies in whether or not there is a "pavilion chief" and three specific figures.

We believe that this article for the "Old Tang Book" error. The reasons are as follows: Firstly, as far as the time of this article is concerned, regarding the duties of the Minister of the Ancestral Temple, the Sixth Canon of the Tang Dynasty recorded that he was in charge of the "affairs of Buddhism and Taoism". The Old Book of the Tang Dynasty and the New Book of the Tang Dynasty recorded it as being in charge of "the affairs of monks and nuns". On the seventh day of the first month of the twenty-fifth year of ...... (Kaiyuan), Taoist priests and female Taoist priests were attached to the Zongzheng Temple, and monks and nuns were inspected by the Ministry of Ancestral Halls. According to this edict, this article of the Six Tang Canons reflects the situation before the 25th year of the reign (737), and this article of the Old and New Tang Books is the situation after the 25th year of the reign. The six canons of the Tang Dynasty and the New Tang Dynasty Book are identical, so there is not much change before and after. Then the old book of the Tang Dynasty and the difference between the two books is questionable. Secondly, this article in the Old Tang Book has the post of "Ting Chang". According to the Tang system, the pavilion chief in the provinces in the Ministry of Temple Supervision in the general set up, but only placed in the head of each organization, such as in the six twenty-four departments, only in the mandarins, households, rites, military, criminal, six departments of the Ministry of Industry set up pavilion chiefs, the six canons of the Tang Dynasty and the New Tang Dynasty Book are not so, the Old Tang Dynasty Book, in addition to the article, are also so, can be seen that this article with the system of customary practices there is a disharmony. Third, "the old Tang Book" this article and "Ministry of propriety Langzhong" article placed the number of officials with the same name, according to the example, the pavilion chief in the Ministry of propriety should be placed in the Ministry of propriety under the Department. Based on the above three points, we believe that the "old Tang Book", "the Ministry of Ancestral Hall" article staff part of the copy of the "Ministry of Rites" article of the error, the Ministry of Ancestral Hall should be placed in the "Tang six canon", "the new Tang Book" for sure.

(3) in the Prince's East Palace officials in the records, "the old Tang dynasty - official three", "Tang dynasty" volume two six, two seven, "New Tang dynasty - four on the Hundred Officials," the biggest difference between. One of the closest to the main theme of this paper is compared with the other two books, the "Old Book of the Tang" in the Prince Right Spring Square, Prince Nei Fang did not record "order history, book order history"; medicine collection bureau, the Bureau of the Inner Direction, the Bureau of the Palace, Palace Door Bureau of the Old Book of the Tang did not record the "book order history, the book of the official"; the Bureau of the Department of the Scriptures, The old book of the Tang dynasty did not record "officials"; and in the prince's home order temple, rate more temple, servant temple and temple food officials, the Department of the warehouse, the Department of the Department of the Department of Tibet, stables and herdsmen, the old book of the Tang dynasty did not record the "government, history". The six canons of the Tang Dynasty and the New Tang Dynasty in the description of the above positions, in the specific number of slight differences. Fortunately, "Dunhuang found Yong Hui Donggong all government staff order scroll" and the "Book of Yuan Turtle" Volume 7 hundred and eight "Palace Ministers - General Preface" recorded Yong Hui two years (651), 25 years of Kaiyuan Donggong staff, for the discussion of the time to provide a more accurate reference.

First, we will examine the general timing of the three books' accounts of the Eastern Palace section. From the institutional setup, the "Old Tang Book", "Tang six canon" have "Prince within the Square", "New Tang Book" East Palace no, but in the Ministry of the Interior Province set up "Prince within the Square Bureau". This change is based on the twenty-seventh year of the Kaiyuan April 28 edict: "within the workshop should be restored to the Ministry of the Interior for the Bureau"[50]. It can be seen that the twenty-seventh year of the new year for the "Old Tang Dynasty", "six canons of the Tang Dynasty" of the lower limit. By the two books Chongwen Hall within the "school book two people" can be known that they are after the first seven years of the system[51]. Yong Hui "remnants of the scrolls" line 17 records within the Bureau of direct "four people in charge of guarding the seal", while the "Old Tang Book", "Tang Six Canons" are not recorded. New Tang Book" within the Bureau of Note: "Wude, there are four people to guard the seal, Kaiyuan abolished." And "the old Tang book", "Tang six canon" are recorded "Prince guests four", according to "Tang will want" volume 67 "East Palace officials" Prince guests "in the beginning of the Yuan, began to organize into the order, set four members". Composite of the above articles can be seen, "the old book of Tang" and "six canons of Tang" in the East Palace official part of the reflection of the time is roughly the same, are recorded in the middle and late system of Kaiyuan.

Sui-East Palace officials from the "Sui Shu" in the situation is difficult to know, but the "Book of Yuan Turtle" in the complete preservation of a Prince of Sui Wendi in the workshop of the information, "Sui Wendi began to set the Prince in the workshop, one of the ceremony, the Prime Minister of four people, recorded a person, the history of the three people, the book of the history of the five, the Road Guests six, the doorkeeper division of the six, the door keeper of the eight people, within the number of people who do not give the make, within the stables! There were two officials, two ministers, thirty drivers, two pavilion chiefs, and four managers"[52]. From the names of the officials to the number of officers, they are quite close to those recorded in Yonghui's Scrolls and the Sixth Canon of the Tang Dynasty. It can be seen from the situation of the inner palace that the Tang inherited the Sui system and did not change much until the middle of the Tang Dynasty in terms of the placement of officials in the inner palace of the Prince. Comparing the system of Yonghui two years recorded in the Scrolls, the system of Kaiyuan twenty-five years recorded in the Book of Yuan Turtle, the system of Tang six canons presumed to be in the middle and late period of Kaiyuan, and the system of New Tang Shu at least after the twenty-seventh year of the Kaiyuan period, it can be found that the situation of the officials in this part of the East Palace in the past one hundred years was quite stable, with little change before and after the change (see Appendix Table II). In this case, we believe that, since the Old Tang Shu also reflects the state of the East Palace in the mid- to late-period of the Kaiyuan era, and the six Tang canons, then it is "the book of the history, the book of the officials, the government, the history of" a large number of unrecorded, at least from the name of the officials can be considered as an omission.