Are there any theories in ethics about human values? What are some of the better known theories in ethics? Thank you!

Ecological civilization is a new perspective to examine the relationship between man and nature and man and man, is a necessary path for the development of human civilization. To establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific concept of development, and to integrate the harmonious development of man and nature as an important element, we have y realized the great significance of the harmony between man and nature for the overall development of man and society. Keywords: ecological civilization, man and nature, harmonious development, the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee put forward a people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific outlook on development, the harmonious development of man and nature as an important element of the integration of man and nature as an important content, it is y aware of the great significance of the harmony between man and nature for the overall development of man and society. The implementation of the scientific concept of development, it is necessary to understand the development of the relationship between man and nature, and in-depth understanding of the law of interaction between man and nature, so as to fully understand the necessity and urgency of integrating the harmonious development of man and nature in our country, for the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, the establishment of a new ecological civilization of contemporary significance framework. It should be said that ecological civilization is the necessary road for the development of human civilization, which is fully in line with the reality of contemporary China and the trend of the times. The basic relationship between human beings and nature in ecological civilization is that human beings are the relative subjects of nature, and the social and economic development of human beings must continue to move forward. At the same time, we should be aware of the objective laws of nature and the limited nature of natural resources, and strive to achieve sustainable development in harmony with nature. This is the new civilization of human society - ecological civilization. 1, the theoretical connotation of the harmonious development of man and nature is the relationship between man and nature is the basis of human survival and development of the relationship, a history of the development of human society, but also the history of man and nature. Man and nature*** in the earth's biosphere, human reproduction and social development can not be separated from nature, must be based on nature, the use of nature; and at the same time must transform nature, so that nature to benefit mankind, service to mankind. The relationship between human beings and nature is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the influence and role of human beings on nature, including the demand for resources and space from nature, enjoying the services provided by the ecosystem, and discharging wastes into the environment; and second, the influence and reaction of nature on human beings, including the constraints of the resources and environment on the survival and development of human beings, and the negative impacts of natural disasters, environmental pollution and ecological degradation on human beings. With the continuous improvement of the level of development of productive forces in human society and the deepening of human understanding of the objective laws of nature, in different stages of development of human society, human understanding of man and nature are significantly different. In primitive society, human beings engaged in production activities by hunting and gathering, the dependence of human beings on nature is strong, mainly embodied in the dependence and adaptation, human production and life by the natural environment and natural resources constraints are obvious, human beings have maintained a primitive and harmonious relationship with nature. In the agricultural society, engaging in agricultural labor is the main mode of human production, due to the small scale of production, low intensity, its negative impact is small, human and nature to maintain a kind of integration of non-oppositional relationship, but in some local areas also appeared in the phenomenon of over-cultivation and deforestation, in particular in order to compete for soil and water resources and frequent wars, so that the relationship between man and nature in the overall promotion of relative harmony at the same time appeared in the stage or regional disharmony phenomenon. Regional disharmony. In the industrial society, scientific and technological progress and productivity has increased significantly, the scope of human activities has been expanded to all corners of the globe, and is no longer confined to the surface of the earth, has been expanded to the depths of the earth and outer space, human beings are more and more capable of controlling the nature, and greatly improve the ability to understand and change nature, but the global population is expanding dramatically, the shortage of natural resources, and the deterioration of the ecological environment, make the relationship between human beings and nature become more and more disharmonious, and the relationship between human beings and nature become more and more inharmonious. The relationship between human beings and nature is becoming more and more disharmonious. The current large-scale and disorderly human activities have broken the ecological balance and ecological structure of nature, and are profoundly affecting and changing the path and direction of the evolution of the Earth's ecosystem, posing an extremely serious challenge to the survival and security of human beings [Yang Duo Gui, 2005]. Since the 1960s, the widespread emergence and vigorous development of the concept of sustainable development can be said to be a qualitative leap in the concept of human development, which is not only an epoch-making concept of development, but also a brand-new view of the world, civilization and nature, which profoundly reveals the conflict between human beings and the nature behind the economic and social prosperity and the traditional concepts of unsustainable development, such as the "conquest of nature" and the "conquest of nature". "In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Representatives of 183 countries and regions and 102 heads of state attended the Earth Summit, which adopted the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Agenda 21. Agenda 21" two programmatic documents, which marks the concept of sustainable development by the global development concept of different types of rules are generally recognized, to take the road of sustainable development, the realization of the harmonious development of human beings and nature has become the world's **** knowledge, and the promotion of the harmonious development of human beings and nature has become the mission of mankind **** the same. Harmony between man and nature, from the theoretical level, it should be man and nature to adapt to each other's dialectical unity, interaction and harmony; from the practical level, it should be both man and nature are in the relationship between the transformation and should be protected. Historical experience shows that when human beings are in an equal, mutually beneficial and harmonious relationship with nature, nature can also provide human beings with a good environment for survival and development. As Engels pointed out: "Let us not be over-indulged in our victories over nature. For every such victory, which at first does achieve the result we expected, there are later and later entirely different and unexpected effects, which often undo the initial result ...". In short, human society is in the process of understanding, using, transforming and adapting to the process of continuous development of nature, the historical evolution of harmony between human beings and nature is a spiral process from harmony to imbalance, and then to a new harmony.2, the connotation of ecological civilization and its main content civilization is a concept that reflects the degree of development of human society, which characterizes the level of development of a country or nation's economic, social and cultural development and the overall outlook . Historically, the development of human civilization has gone through three stages: primitive civilization, agricultural civilization and industrial civilization. At present, human civilization is in the stage of transition from industrial civilization to ecological civilization. If the civilization with industrial production as its core is industrial civilization, then ecological civilization is the civilization form with eco-industry (or industrial ecology) as its main feature. In a broad sense, ecological civilization is a new stage in the development of human civilization, i.e. the form of human civilization after industrial civilization. In a narrow sense, ecological civilization refers to an aspect of civilization, i.e. the degree of civilization achieved by human beings in dealing with the relationship with nature, which is relative to material, spiritual and political civilization. When the factor of ecological civilization gradually develops and becomes the dominant factor of human civilization, human civilization has realized the transition from industrial civilization to ecological civilization [Li Jingyuan et al. 2004]. Since its inception, Western industrial civilization has been the object of reflection and criticism by many thinkers due to its many shortcomings. Rousseau warned against the possibility and danger of the over-expanded instrumental rationality of industrial civilization eroding the moral rationality of human beings and destroying the harmony between human beings and nature. Marx, Engels is the capitalist industrial civilization caused by the alienation of man and man, man and nature has carried out a profound reflection. 20 century since the 1960s, with the further deterioration of global environmental pollution, people began a conscious search for a new development model of the process. The choice of ecological civilization can be said to be a positive reflection on the proliferation of grey civilization and its evil consequences, as well as a positive practice under the call of promoting green. It has greatly expanded the meaning and content of human civilization. This great achievement is also the inevitable result of its own development. The relationship between man and nature is a natural one. Man cannot choose a way out of nature, but can only choose a relationship with nature that is favorable to his own development. In today's unprecedented increase in human capacity, the relationship between man and nature to a large extent, but also rely on human values, lifestyles, social relations and many other factors of coordination and harmony. The development of ecological civilization to the present day, can not be said that mankind has begun to effectively curb the ecological crisis, for their own reconstruction of a green home that can make the perpetual development of future generations to make a great and useful attempt. Specifically, the basic content of ecological civilization mainly includes the following aspects: (1) human beings should respect themselves and, above all, respect nature. The basic concept provided by ecological civilization is the overall concept of global ecological environment system and the concept of interconnection and mutual constraints of all factors in the system. Humans and nature are an interdependent whole. Satisfying the uncontrolled needs of human beings by harming the biological populations of nature can only lead to the destruction and depletion of the resources of the entire ecological environment, which will ultimately jeopardize human beings themselves. Therefore, ecological civilization requires human beings to re-understand the relationship between themselves and nature. From the perspective of nature, mankind and nature are equal, not master-slave relationship, not to mention the relationship between conquering and being conquered. When evaluating the non-economic value of natural species, it is necessary to recognize that species have their own natural right to survive. If human beings want to respect themselves, they must first respect nature, otherwise they will inevitably be retaliated by nature. (2) Revolution of values. The proposal of ecological civilization is that human beings begin to realize that they are not the masters of nature, but a part of nature, that human values should not be based only on the human being himself as the ultimate goal, and that human utilitarianism and happiness should not exceed the scope permitted by nature. Only on the premise of living in harmony with nature can human beings achieve truly sustainable and healthy utilitarianism and happiness. However, the definition of utility and happiness and their extent are determined by human values. Ecological civilization is the inevitable choice of human values. (3) Protecting the ecological environment is the primary criterion of ethics. The ethical reasoning of ecological civilization is to maintain the normal functioning of the earth's ecological system and to protect the good state of the natural ecology as the primary ethical and moral norms, and all other human behaviors must be subjected to this ethical norm as a prerequisite. Re-learning the art of living on the earth, putting ecology before everything else, and bidding farewell to the traditional "materialism" are the themes of ecological ethics and morality under the conditions of ecological civilization. (4) Ecological civilization is an important part of social structure. The theory of the development structure of ecological civilization takes ecological and environmental resources as an important part of the theory of social structure, adds "ecological environment" to the framework of "three fields" of economy, politics and culture, and establishes the overall framework of "four fields". "Because a beautiful ecological environment of the earth is the foundation and precondition for the prosperity and development of human civilization, human civilization must take the maintenance of the normal functioning of the natural ecological environment system as one of its important symbols. Secondly, constructing the ecological ethics of harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature In the relationship between human beings and nature in the era of industrial civilization, human beings have been in an active position. When human behavior violates the laws of nature, resource consumption exceeds the carrying capacity of nature, and pollution emission exceeds the capacity of the environment, it will lead to an imbalance in the relationship between human beings and nature, resulting in disharmony between human beings and nature. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable development and continuously improve their quality of life, human beings must fully understand the laws of nature. Today, human beings should and have the ability to take the initiative to adjust their own behavior and realize the harmonious development of human beings and nature. As Engels said: "We, together with our flesh, blood and mind, belong to nature, exist in nature; our entire dominion over nature lies in the fact that we are stronger than all other animals, and are able to recognize and correctly apply the laws of nature." ① from the deep level analysis of the relationship between man and nature, can see, although modern human beings have been in an active position, but man is always a product of the natural environment, human survival, reproduction, development, from the natural world to obtain material and energy. Man and nature should always maintain a ***existence***glorious relationship. Therefore, to establish an ecological civilization, we must focus on cultivating people's correct view of resources, environmental awareness and sustainable development, educating people to protect the natural ecological environment for human survival, and forming a new ecological ethic. However, a new ecology cannot be achieved overnight. Although we have been calling for the ecological problems for many years, in order to satisfy our expanding desires, human beings are still interfering with the nature in many aspects with the attitude of masters, and the ecology has lost its inner stability to a certain extent, and a lot of ecological crises unfavorable to the survival and development of human beings have appeared. In the face of the huge damage to the ecological environment, people have to y reflect on their own irrational behavior, rethink the "relationship between man and nature" problem. People gradually realize that we must love nature, protect the ecology, conserve resources, improve the environment as the core of ecological ethics, to build a harmonious relationship between man and nature. In fact, the relationship between man and nature should be a kind of "life-sustaining" relationship. Man is a living being, the natural ecology also exists as a "living being". On the one hand, the natural ecology has its own continuous evolution of the life process; on the other hand, as a member of the objective reality of the world, its state of life and the state of life of the natural ecosystem has an inextricable link, the death of the natural ecosystem will inevitably lead to the failure of human life. Therefore, the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature should first be a life-sustaining relationship. Based on this understanding, the famous scholars Schweitzer and Leon Porter founded the "ecological ethics", they believe that life is the great creation of nature, human life and natural life should be given great respect, that "the division of life into high value (the value of human life) and low value (the value of the life of natural organisms) practice". The "division of life into those of high value (the value of human life) and those of low value (the value of the life of natural organisms)" is one-sided. Therefore, the concept of "goodness" should be expanded, and the correctness or incorrectness of people's behaviors should be perceived from the natural world rather than being limited to human beings, and the concept of goodness should be expanded to the natural world, and "behaviors that contribute to the maintenance of the integrity and stability of the biotic community should be justified, good, and beautiful". ". An ethical theory cannot be regarded as a perfect ethical theory if it does not include the behavioral norms of human beings affecting nature and does not recognize that human beings and the ecology are in a particularly intimate and life-and-death relationship. Therefore, man and nature should be organically linked by the bond of life, and the perfection and normal functioning of life should be regarded as an intrinsic requirement for the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Human beings are not the "masters" or "rulers" of nature, but a member of nature's family; they should be the good citizens of this big family. The creatures in nature are not slaves of human beings, they are not created for human beings, they should be equal members of the family of nature. It is not enough to pay attention only to the natural interests of human beings and to care for ecological balance, but it is also necessary to establish a new type of ethical system, a new type of equal relationship between human beings and nature, and to insist on the rejection of "human chauvinism". Recognize not only the value of human beings, but also the value of living creatures and all natural objects; recognize not only the rights of human beings, but also the rights of living creatures and all natural objects. The seemingly senseless trees, flowers, rivers and oceans have their own needs and rights. Their value and rights are not determined by their usefulness to human beings, but are inherent in the chain of equilibrium of nature. The basic needs of natural organisms are similar to those of human beings, and they all need water, oxygen and nutrients; therefore, human beings should never override the equal status of nature, so as to realize the harmonious coexistence and interdependence of human beings and nature. If only want to "dominate", "rule" nature, is bound to artificially destroy the "equal" relationship between man and nature, disintegration of the harmonious environment of man and nature, mankind and the ecology will be subject to The human race and the ecology will suffer a catastrophe. Nature is the foundation of mankind, the root of mankind, is the starting point and destination of mankind. The idea that human development and social development must be in harmony with the development of nature expresses the aspiration and pursuit of the original harmony between human beings and nature. As stated in the introduction of the book Ecological Ethics: Spiritual Resources and Philosophical Foundations [P15], the whole nature, the whole ecosystem of the earth, has been unconsciously and naturally "seeking" excellence and superiority for billions of years, and indeed through its countless attempts and attempts, it has been able to achieve this through its countless attempts and attempts. And indeed, through its countless attempts and evolution, it has finally produced human beings, human consciousness and spirituality, which is the most beautiful flower on the earth, and in this sense one can indeed say that "human beings are the spirit of all things", but as Ralston said, we should be grateful to the whole ecosystem for this, just as flowers and fruits are grateful to the whole tree, to the whole earth. and the whole earth. Man is the "spirit of all things" but not the "lord of all things". Today, man should use his "spirituality" to correct his position in nature, to manage his relationship with nature, to be kind to nature, to be kind to non-human beings, so that he can be truly worthy of the title "Spirit of Everything", and in the case of human beings, "spirituality" is not the same as "spirituality". In the history and reality of human's "spirituality" and "knowledge", there are indeed rich resources that can enable human beings to appropriately recognize and deal with the relationship between themselves and nature, which are waiting to be explored in depth. On the surface, eco-ethics is about the relationship between human beings and nature, but in essence, it still refers to the relationship between human beings, the relationship between actors and others, as well as the relationship between the present and future generations. Today, human beings can no longer destroy the balance of the ecosystem to the detriment of future generations for the sake of their own immediate interests, and this is an important content and moral code of eco-ethics. This human relationship is realized through the relationship between human beings and nature, that is to say, it is expressed through the intermediary of nature. Eco-ethics covers the relationship between man and nature to the relationship between man and man, which is richer than the content of traditional ethics [Chen Minhao, 2002, P132]. Third, the establishment of a new concept of ecological civilization, the realization of the harmonious development of man and nature in response to the industrial civilization brought about by the population, the environment and development paradox, should establish a new civilization that ecological civilization, that is, man and nature in coordination with each other * * * with the development of civilization. The shift from industrial civilization to ecological civilization is a fundamental shift in the paradigm of civilization. Ecological civilization inherits and carries forward the strengths of agricultural civilization and industrial civilization, focuses on the interaction between human beings and nature, and emphasizes that the natural world is the basis for human survival and development, and that human society interacts and develops together with the natural world on this basis.**** The ecological civilization is a fundamental shift in civilization paradigm. Our country is a developing country, is in the process of modernization, we must sum up the human experience in dealing with the relationship with nature in the process of gains and losses, to avoid the traditional industrial civilization in the development of the shortcomings, and actively promote the construction of ecological civilization, and strive to achieve the harmonious development of man and nature. 1, change the traditional concept, set up a scientific view of nature and social development, first of all, the relationship between human beings and nature, according to the Marxist point of view, is a real equality, harmony and unity, that is, advocating the interests of human beings and the interests of nature unity of the concept of nature. Anthropocentrism advocates that everything should be centered on human beings, everything should be measured by human beings, and everything should be done in the interest of human beings. In industrial civilization, the traditional values that have long dominated the world believe that natural wealth is infinite, that human material needs are also endless, and that as long as human beings continue to conquer nature and expand consumption, they will be able to promote economic development and satisfy people's ever-increasing material needs. Under the domination of such old values, people pursue quantitative economic growth unilaterally, and advocate uncontrolled consumption and wanton exploitation of natural resources. It is these distorted values that have led to the ecological crisis and the alienation of the relationship between human beings and nature. One of the most striking features of developed industrial societies is the alienation of the relationship between man and nature. Nature is not treated as an object of affinity and harmony with man, but as an object of conquest and domination. The conflict between man and nature has been exacerbated by the use of modern technological means and the utilitarian and reckless plundering of nature. On the one hand, it is the enhancement of man's ability to control nature and the expansion of humanized nature; on the other hand, it is the retaliation of nature against man and the deterioration and shrinkage of man's living environment. In this way, not only the relationship between man and nature is alienated, but also man himself is alienated. Secondly, in terms of the concept of social development, we must establish the concept of sustainable development and unify the rational development and active protection of nature. We cannot leave the development and utilization of nature and simply emphasize the protection of nature, turning protection into passive adaptation, which will fail to meet the needs of human survival and development and will slow down or even retrogress social progress. Especially for developing countries, many environmental problems are caused by scientific and technological and economic underdevelopment, and only through active commitment to scientific, technological, economic and social development will it be possible to better solve environmental problems. At the same time, we cannot simply emphasize the development of nature without the protection of nature, so that the development will turn into a brutal plundering and destruction of nature. We must learn from the historical lessons of some developed countries that have neglected environmental protection during the process of industrialization, so as to make the development of the economy and the protection of the environment mutually compatible, unify the promotion of the current economic and social development with the guarantee of the future sustained development, and carry out the policy of sustainable development, so as to achieve the goal of development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, so as to create favourable conditions of existence and improve the quality of life for humankind in the long term. Practice has fully demonstrated that the past road of "polluting first and treating later" is a typical irresponsible and stupid behavior of eating the ancestors' food and cutting off the road of the descendants, which has taught us a very painful lesson and cost us a very high price. In today's modernization of China's construction, we can not take the old road in the past, we must adhere to the unity of economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits, on the basis of comprehensive development, good ecological economic construction, and strive to achieve ecological civilization. 2, the mobilization of all people, cultivate people's consciousness of ecological civilization ecological civilization is in the industrial civilization and science and technology development on the basis of the emergence of, and at the same time is the industrial civilization of the transcendence. Along with the forward development of industrial civilization, ecological civilization will become the main civilization form of the future society. So, how to cultivate people's consciousness of ecological civilization? In our opinion, the following aspects deserve attention. First, strengthen the education of the concept of ecological civilization. The core of the concept of ecological civilization is to reshape the relationship between man and nature, that is to say, we must realize that man is both the master of nature and the existence of nature, and that man not only makes use of nature, but also must respect nature and live in harmony with nature. The most important thing is to change the concept of environmental education. From the height of the harmonious unity of man and nature to establish a correct view of nature, environmental values. In-depth environmental protection education, the use of various media and public opinion tools, vigorously publicize the knowledge of environmental protection and environmental laws and regulations, to enhance the citizens' awareness of environmental protection, and significantly increase public participation in sustainable development. At the same time, environmental education requires people to gradually build up the consciousness of "one earth" and the idea of equality between human beings and nature as well as international and inter-generational equity in accordance with environmental laws. Therefore, raising ecological awareness and carrying out environmental education should become the same task for all citizens. Secondly, to strengthen the education of ecological morality. Ecological morality is an important part of ecological civilization. Only by vigorously cultivating the ecological moral consciousness of the whole nation and turning people's protection of the ecological environment into conscious actions can we solve the fundamental problems of ecological protection and lay a solid foundation for the development of ecological civilization. Therefore, in the face of the gradual deterioration of the ecological environment, it is necessary to put the education of ecological morality on the agenda. Through this kind of education, we can enhance people's moral consciousness of the ecological environment and make them realize that ecological morality is an important aspect of human morality, and the protection of the natural environment and the preservation of the ecological balance are the moral obligations and responsibilities that human beings should fulfill for their own survival. Ecological morality includes both the morality of human beings towards nature and the morality of human beings towards human beings. From the concept of "man is nature", the morality of man to man is also the expression of the morality of man to nature. Rational regulation and control of human production and reproduction, and continuous improvement of the relationship between human beings, so that all human beings can truly live in peace with each other, which is the basic requirement for the maintenance of ecological balance. Thirdly, strengthen the education of ecological legal system. Protecting the natural environment and building an ecological civilization requires not only the moral consciousness of human beings, but also the guarantee of the social legal system. At present, in order to protect the ecological environment, human beings have begun to formulate worldwide environmental protection conventions. For example, the United Nations established the Commission on Sustainable Development in 1993 to consider the global implementation of Agenda 21, and more than 80 countries have submitted their national reports on the implementation of Agenda 21 to the Commission on Sustainable Development. At the same time, different countries have also formulated a variety of unique environmental protection programs and regulations in accordance with their own natural environment and social development. At present, environmental jurisprudence has become a new field of study. The fundamental purpose of ecological legal education is to make people understand various laws and regulations for the protection of nature and the environment, so that they can follow the natural ecological laws more consciously. 3. Respect for nature and development in accordance with the laws of nature in order to establish an ecological civilization, it is necessary to respect nature in the process of developing the economy, do things in accordance with the laws of nature, change the way of life, advocate green consumption, and take the road of sustainable development and the road of sustainable consumption; it is necessary to cultivate the whole society in a way that it will not be affected by the natural environment and the social development of the society. The road of sustainable development and sustainable consumption; we must cultivate environmental ethics and morality in the whole society, establish and improve the ecological protection system, and form a social culture of treating nature well, caring for nature and protecting nature. Only when man and nature are in harmony can they bring benefits to mankind, otherwise, they can only bring disasters and poverty to mankind. We have to put the concept of ecological civilization into the construction of material and spiritual civilization, and promote the society to embark on the road of civilized development of civilization and industry with production development, affluent life and good ecology. The establishment of an ecological civilization in which human beings and nature develop in harmony is a noble social ideal, the realization of which requires us to make changes and innovations in the mode of production, living habits and ideological concepts, which is an arduous and persistent challenging work. In the new century, we should take this ideal as a lighthouse to guide economic and social development, actively explore, boldly practice, and constantly innovate to achieve a new leap in the development of human society and civilization. The emergence of the concept of contemporary ecological civilization has not only caused new changes in people's view of nature, but also extended to the socio-political and economic aspects. Many people realize that ecology exists not only in the natural world, but also in the socio-political and economic aspects, and even in the spiritual and psychological aspects. Many people not only study the natural ecology, but also study the social ecology, political ecology, economic ecology, and put forward the concept of spiritual ecology. Others propose that ecological civilization should become one of the four major civilizations alongside material, spiritual and institutional (or political) civilization in contemporary times. Therefore, ecological civilization will become more and more people's *** knowledge, and is rapidly transforming from theoretical form to practical form.