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Among the traditional embroidery techniques in China, Xiang embroidery produced in Hunan Province in central China, Shu embroidery produced in Sichuan Province in western China, Yue embroidery produced in Guangdong Province in southern China and Su embroidery produced in Jiangsu Province in eastern China are often collectively referred to as China's "Four Famous Embroideries".

China's four famous embroideries refer to Su embroidery, Xiang embroidery, Yue embroidery and Shu embroidery. Embroidery, called needle embroidery in ancient times, is a process of drawing colored lines with embroidery needles, embroidering textiles with needles according to designed patterns, and forming patterns with embroidery marks. Embroidery, as a regional handicraft, has its own specialties and advantages after long-term accumulation and development. In addition to the four famous embroideries, there are famous local embroideries in China, such as Jing embroidery, Lu embroidery, Bian embroidery, Ou embroidery, Hang embroidery, Han embroidery and Min embroidery, while ethnic minorities in China, such as Uygur, Yi, Dai, Buyi, Kazak, Yao, Miao, Tujia, Jingpo, Dong, Bai, Zhuang, Mongolian and Tibetan, are also famous.

The names of the four famous embroideries were formed in the middle of19th century. Besides its own artistic characteristics, another important reason is the commercialization of embroidery. Due to the different market demand and embroidery origin, embroidery handicrafts, as a commodity, began to form their own local characteristics. Among them, embroidery products from Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangdong and Hunan are widely sold and have great influence, so they are called "four famous embroideries".

Suzhou embroidery

brief introduction

Suzhou embroidery is the general name of embroidery products centered on Suzhou, Jiangsu, including Jiangsu area. Suzhou is located in the south of the Yangtze River. The birthplace of Suzhou embroidery is Wuxian County, which is close to Taihu Lake. It has a mild climate and is rich in silk. So there is a traditional habit that women are good at embroidery. Superior geographical environment, rich brocade and colorful flower lines have created favorable conditions for the development of Suzhou embroidery. In the long historical development process, Suzhou embroidery has formed a local style with beautiful patterns, harmonious colors, bright lines, lively stitches and fine embroidery, and is known as the "Oriental Pearl". [ 1]

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From the perspective of appreciation, the main artistic characteristics of Su embroidery works are: mountains and rivers can be divided into near and far interests; The pavilion has a deep body; Characters can have vivid feelings; Flowers and birds can show their elegance and intimacy. Imitation embroidery and portrait embroidery of Suzhou embroidery are both realistic arts.

[Su embroidery]

The effect is world-famous. In terms of embroidery techniques, Suzhou embroidery is mainly based on needle groups, and the embroidery thread covers the needles without revealing the stitches. Three or four different color lines of the same kind or adjacent colors are often used to match, so that the blooming color effect can be freely embroidered. At the same time, it is also good to leave a "waterway" when expressing the image, that is, to leave a line empty during the depth change of the image, so that there can be a sense of hierarchy and the outline of the pattern is relatively neat. Therefore, when people evaluate Su embroidery, they often sum it up in eight words: "Flat, neat, fine, dense, even, smooth, harmonious and bright".

After long-term accumulation, Suzhou embroidery has developed into a complete art with complete varieties, rich pictures and diverse changes, involving decorative paintings (such as oil painting series, Chinese painting series, water town series, flower series, greeting card series, pigeon spectrum series, vase series, etc.). Practical products involve clothes, handkerchiefs, scarves, greeting cards, etc.

[Shu embroidery]

Shu embroidery, also known as "Sichuan embroidery", is the general name of Sichuan embroidery products centered on Chengdu. Shu embroidery has a long history. According to the records of Huayang Guozhi, a long canal in Jin Dynasty, embroidery in Shu was very famous at that time, and Shu embroidery and Shu brocade were regarded as famous products in Shu. There are relatively few pure ornamental objects in Shu embroidery, most of which are daily necessities, and most of them are materials such as flowers, birds, insects and fish, folk auspicious words and traditional decorative patterns, which are quite festive. They are embroidered on quilts, pillowcases, clothes, shoes and painted screens. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Shu embroidery absorbed the advantages of Gu embroidery and Su embroidery on the basis of local traditional embroidery techniques, and became one of the important commercial embroideries in China. Shu embroidery stitch is neat and even, the silk road is clear, there is no ghostwriting, the edge of the pattern is too neat as a knife, and the color is bright and beautiful.

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Shu embroidery originated from people in western Sichuan. In the long-term development process, due to the influence of geographical environment, customs, culture and art, it has gradually formed a unique style of rigor, exquisiteness, smoothness, sparse composition, roundness and bright colors. Shu embroidery works are rich in materials, including flowers and trees, birds and beasts, landscape fish and insects, portraits and so on. There are 12 kinds of * *122 kinds of acupuncture methods, and the commonly used acupuncture methods include fainting needle, laying needle, needle roller, cutting needle, mixing needle, sand needle and covering needle. And pay attention to "neat stitch, bright thread, moderate thread tightness, drive home". There are many kinds of embroidery, such as quilt cover, pillowcase, clothes, shoes, painting screen, etc., which are exquisite works of art with both ornamental and practical functions. In today's embroidery, there are both huge screens and small pocket pieces; There are both high-precision appreciation of famous products and ordinary consumer goods. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Shu embroidery was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On June 5, 2007, the Ministry of Culture confirmed that Hao Shuping, Chengdu, Sichuan, was the representative inheritor of Shu embroidery, and was included in the list of 226 representative inheritors of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects.

Hunan embroidery

brief introduction

Xiang embroidery is the general name of embroidery products centered on Changsha, Hunan. Xiang embroidery won the best prize and the first prize at 19 12 and 1933 World Expo in Turin and Panama respectively, and was praised as super embroidery abroad. It turned out that in order to satisfy a group of nouveau riche who made a fortune by suppressing Taiping rebels, merchants in Changsha opened "Gu Embroidery Village", which soon overwhelmed Gu Embroidery in the name of Xiang Embroidery. Xiang embroidery is characterized by embroidery with wool (untwisted wool). In fact, the velvet thread is treated with solution to prevent pilling. This kind of embroidery is called "fine wool embroidery" locally. Xiang embroidery is also dominated by Chinese paintings, with vivid forms and bold styles. There used to be a reputation that "embroidered birds can smell, embroidered tigers can run and embroidered people can express their feelings". The color matching characteristics of Hunan embroidery humanistic painting are mainly dark gray, black and white, as elegant as ink painting; The daily necessities of Xiang embroidery are brightly colored and decorative.

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[Xiang embroidery]

Xiang embroidery is mainly made of silk, hard satin, soft satin, transparent yarn and various colors of silk and wool. Its characteristics are: rigorous composition, bright colors and vivid needling. Through rich color lines and ever-changing stitches, the embroidered figures, animals, landscapes and flowers and birds have special artistic effects. In Hunan embroidery, whether it is Ping Xiu, weaving embroidery, net embroidery, knotting embroidery, beating embroidery, velvet cutting embroidery, three-dimensional embroidery, Shuang Mianxiu embroidery, random needle embroidery, etc. They all pay attention to depicting the appearance and inner quality of objects, even a scale, a paw and a leaf. From the embroidery unearthed in 1958 Changsha Chu Tomb, it can be seen that Hunan local embroidery had developed to a certain extent as early as the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,500 years ago. 1972, 40 embroidered garments were unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, indicating that Hunan local embroidery had developed to a higher level in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2 100 years ago. Since then, in the long process of development, it has gradually developed a simple and beautiful artistic style. With the development of commercial production of Xiang embroidery, many fine traditions of Chinese painting have been transplanted into embroidery products through the hard work of embroidery artists and the participation of some excellent painters in the reform and improvement of Xiang embroidery techniques, and various Chinese paintings, embroidery, poetry, calligraphy and epigraphy have been skillfully integrated together, thus forming Xiang embroidery based on Chinese painting, which uses more than 70 stitches and 100 colors to give full play to the expressive force of stitches. The exquisite description of the appearance characteristics of objects, embroidery is vivid and vivid, with strong texture, both form and spirit, and bold style. There used to be a reputation of "embroidered students, embroidered birds can smell, embroidered tigers can run, and embroidered people can convey the spirit".