Ancient Book Lounge Names

Scholar's lounge, as the name implies, is a room for reading, but also a place to hide books, or a place to write. Painting and calligraphy of the same origin, ancient Chinese writing and painting with brushes, writing out, drawing out that is calligraphy and painting art. Reading, hiding books, calligraphy and painting is the basic function of the bookstore. Later, the collection of cultural relics and antiques and appreciation is often carried out here, poetry and song and calligraphy and painting and even seal cutting and discussion is often carried out here. Therefore, Shujai is established in the name of an individual, the master and close friends as the main body, the center of cultural and artistic activities. Shujai surname "Wen", so the alias called "Wen room".

It is worth pointing out that, in addition to the layout and decoration of the ancient Chinese study and the Western study on the regional and national style is different, in the nature and function of the great difference, the traditional Chinese study is a multi-functional cultural complex, and the Western study is only equivalent to a small private library, with the collection of books and the function of reading.

The origin and development of the study room

Chinese culture has a long tradition of emphasizing literature and history. Successive dynasties have attached great importance to the cultural heritage, which is manifested in the court not only attach importance to the compilation of history and revision, but also attach importance to the talent to get a scholar, which "talent" mainly refers to the literary talent of poetry and books, leaving behind the "article of a thousand years ago", "only reading The maxims and aphorisms of "writing is a thing of the past", "the only thing that can be done is to study", "high", and "proud of having poetry in one's heart" have been left behind. What is more important is that intellectuals can become virtuous through reading, enter the grade, or the imperial examination and pass the examination, so as to enter the national administrative organs, and then realize the political aspirations and ideals of "cultivating one's moral character, unifying one's family, ruling the country, and pacifying the world". Therefore, the Chinese land of reading culture unceasingly, which is the deep foundation of the book of the generation. Reading needs a quiet environment, need to be equipped with related cultural and living supplies, over time, the study is gradually separated from the living room, forming an independent function and pattern.

Early in the Spring and Autumn period, and the court built the school - "official school" is different, the hundred schools of thought, the wind of private lectures, the son of the home of the lecture is often the classroom during the day, the night has become a place to read. This should be the prototype of the study.

Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty was subjected to the humiliation of the palace torture, full of anger and loneliness, do not leave the house, reading at home, organizing the information, "the study of the changes in the sky and people," and finally wrote a masterpiece of the "Records of the Grand Historian". In fact, Sima Qian's "studio", is a unique, in Chinese history has a significant impact on the "study", which can be said to be the formal formation of the sign of China's study, only at that time there is no "study The title of "Shujai" only. Up to this point, Confucian scholars and writers of poetry and fugue, all have their own study and engage in cultural and artistic activities. Therefore, it can be said that the Han Dynasty is the period of the emergence of the book lodge.

Three wars were frequent, the two Jin dynasty advocate talk, learning and art of the wind a little less, can be described as the low tide of the study. The Tang Dynasty is a relatively free, open and diversified period. This period, especially the Sheng Tang, cultural and artistic prosperity and developed, the academic atmosphere is also relatively relaxed. It can be said that the Sheng Tang is a mature period of study, such as Du Fu in Chengdu, "Cao Tang", is a typical literati study.

In this period, the sign of the study - the study seal also came into being.

Scholar's seal originated from the official seal and private seal as a letter of separation from the specialized collection of the seal, is said to be the Tang Emperor Li Shimin wrote his own "ZhenGuan" two words of the LianZhuYin, after the Tang XuanZong LiLongJi "KaiYuan" two words of the LianZhuYin (above). The two parties are the year number seal generation bookmark), the Tang dynasty Li You "Duanju room" seal, the South Tang dynasty after the lord Li Yu "Jianye Wenfang" seal, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin "secret cabinet book" and other seals, are quite famous, and the Among them, Li Yu's "Duanju room" seal, South Tang Dynasty Li Yu's "Jianye Wenfang" seal, has been developed from a simple collection of books seal for the bookstore seal.

The Song dynasty, although in the Liao, Xixia, and Jin's attack, in the ethnic relations and military defense of humiliation and defeat, but the economy continued to develop, so that the Song dynasty may be a large number of material products to the Liao and Xixia tribute. The Southern Song Dynasty was paranoid, but the south of the country remained affluent and continued to rely on tribute to obtain peace. This period allowed the emperors, especially Emperor Huizong, who was a great lover of the arts, to promote culture. Calligraphy, painting, and poetry flourished in the two Songs, and the literati were able to study and play with the arts during a relatively long period of stability, while the Cheng-Zhu school of thought was founded during this period and had a great impact. Therefore, this period is the bookstore to obtain synchronized smooth development of the period.

Yuan dynasty wang coronal first use "flower milk stone" seal engraving "literati seal", so that the modern meaning of the art of seal engraving in the primitive qin and han seal on the basis of the birth. The scholar's seal engraved by the literati themselves and the bibliotheca were tightly integrated and became an indispensable symbol of the bibliotheca.

Shujai development to the Ming dynasty, in China's feudal society in the period of economic strength and development, culture and art, especially the more developed civic culture, the birth of the modern sense of the novel and quickly made significant achievements, while the book, to talk about the prosperity of the book, calligraphy, painting, further development, and the companion of the Shujai is also greatly developed, and the status and pattern of the final final shape. This period of the literati shusai print more prevalent.

The Qing dynasty due to the "word prison" bloody terror, the literati turned to the study of the study of the evidence, while calligraphy and painting art continues to develop and developed, represented by the "dream of the red chamber" as the peak of vernacular novels, the literati and the artist's study continues to flourish, and complete the evolution of the study from the study to the study, so that the pattern of the study is ultimately stereotyped. Stereotypes. At the same time, Shujai prints continued to flourish in the Qing Dynasty, and has continued into the modern era.

Shuzhai and shuzhai seal

Shuzhai seal: for the study or study room specifically named and made seal, more than lentils, halls, pavilions, Xuanxuan, building, pavilion, house, room, hut, nunnery, and so on on the back as a classification of the common name, and in front of the shuzhai master to express their own will of the personalized name, is generally the master of the master's own, but also the master or close friends to the start. But it does not matter who started, the name of the study must be a reflection of the owner's ideals and aspirations.

By the function of the shuzhai decided, shuzhai seal gradually derived from a number of seals related to it, such as alias seal, collection seal, appreciation seal, calibration seal.

Alias seal: is the master of the shusai name outside the alias used seal, such as so-and-so jushi, so-and-so mountain man, so-and-so master, etc., is the master of the temperament and the pursuit of the embodiment.

Collection seal: is the name or lounge below plus collection, collection, collection, collection, collection, collection of books, collection of paintings, treasures, secret books, secret games, treasures, books, etc. Seal, which collection of seal is the most widely used, is the master of the cultural and artistic activities of the real record.

Appreciation seal: is the name or lounge below plus appreciation, appreciation, appreciation, appreciation, heart appreciation, had read, over the eyes, over the eyes, through the eyes, eyes, eyes, etc. Seal used.

Calibrated seal: is the name or the hall of the following plus proofreading, examination, validation, appraisal and other seals used.

The river of history rolls forward, the world is floating, things are different. The history of those talented, a generation of talented people, their names down, but most of their lodges have disappeared, but the lodges seals are often due to its hard texture, artistic modeling and small type body is loved by the people and retained, and passed down from generation to generation. Even if some of the seal itself no longer exists, but the seal of the seal (or seal script, seal metamorphosis) because Inscription in the books, paintings and calligraphy and passed down, so that future generations can learn and associate the environment of the year and the master of the lounge in the lounge in the elegant activities, but also to make the lounge in the history of culture, there are constantly a good story legend.

Now known to China's earliest seals of the study is the Tang Dynasty Chancellor Li You's "Duanju room" seal, followed by the South Tang Dynasty after the Lord Li Yu's "Jianye Wenfang" seal.

Characteristics of Shujai

In a traditional Chinese house, in addition to the ancestral hall, another important spiritual place is the Shujai, but most of the ancestral hall and the center of the hall, so, by and large, the Shujai is the only spiritual place in the residence. Shujai is generally located in the quiet part of the house, such as the back garden, will be adjacent to it, forming a good environment to create a book of elegance and calm important factors. Shujai is generally cultured family owners use, such as son of the imperial examinations, will set up another slightly smaller Shujai, for the cold windows for reading.

There are three main features of a bookstore:

One is a meeting point for cultural heritage. Books are the summary of the social experience of previous generations, books are the crystallization of national history and culture. The main body of the Book Lodge - readers or learned people, where the collection of books, where reading, where thinking, but also the culture is gathered here, but also the cultural heritage here. The reason why there is a "showman does not go out, all know the world" said, is because of the past excellent culture, here to study, proof, proofreading, interpretation of the way to inheritance, the light of the Chinese civilization here into a whole, burning, and then affect the development of society and the process of the culture to get the best inheritance and development. Can be compared this way: because at that time the country did not have the Academy of Social Sciences, and many individual existence and play a role in the joint study, in fact, played the role of the Academy of Social Sciences, and the state does not have to invest. Zhuge Liang's "hut", created the Shu State bowed to the exhaustion of the prime minister. Liu Bei's "three visits to thatched hut", access to talent and the world's big plans, only to enrich the heaven and earth, majestic, heart-wrenching, spreading "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". At the same time, many national cultural classics have been inherited and promoted here.

The second is the fermentation pool of personality creation. Study is a personal territory, in feudal society, whether it is the officialdom or society, and even the family, must follow the "king, minister, father, father, son," the constraints of the three programs. When an intellectual back to the study, although there is still a strong ethical norms of feudal society fused in the books between the lines, but after all, the body and brain belong to their own, the master of the bookstore to get the space to show their personality, so their creativity to burst out, thus generating new ideas, create new art. It can be said that the intellectuals in the inheritance of the essence of the former on the basis of their own real-life experience, coupled with their own literary and artistic creations, in the bibliotheca fusion, fermentation, and finally, brewed a new, mellow, cleansing wine. These wines are constantly fused into the overall national culture, making the chain of cultural development, there are constantly flashing aura. Such as Wang Wei in the "Rim River Villa" written on the picturesque poetry, Huang Gongwang opened the landscape painting of the "Miles of Mountains", Cao Xueqin's encyclopedic "Dream of Red Mansions", Yan Fu enlightened the people of the "Theory of Heavenly Drama", Lu Xun's deafening "Diary of a Madman", Xu Beihong extolling the spirit of the nation's "Foolish Old Man Moving Mountains", and the list goes on and on.

Three is a model of harmony between man and nature. The essence of ancient Chinese philosophy is "the unity of man and heaven", the "heaven" can be understood as "nature". This and the early 20th century human summary of the process of industrialization destroyed the ecological environment and put forward the "harmonious development of man and nature" significant understanding of the same. This shows that our ancestors have the foresight, but also shows that the eastern culture more and more show its ahead of the scientific nature. And in the construction, layout and decoration of the study, also fully embodies this point. Ming Dynasty scholar Gao Lian wrote "Gao Zi Shujai said", not only detailed the layout of the study, but also steeped in the harmony of man and nature.

The pattern and layout of the study

Gao Zi said: the study should be bright, clean, not too spacious. Bright and clean can make the heart relaxed and refreshing, too spacious will damage the eyesight. Outside the window four walls, vine wall, the center of the pine and cypress bonsai, or gladiolus one or two pots. Around the stone steps everywhere planted with verdant rue grass, vigorous after the natural green lush. Next to the ink stone washing pool, and even more should be set up a basin pool. Near the window, keep five or seven koi carp, in order to see its natural vitality and liveliness.

Scholar's lounge with a long table, an ancient ink stone, an old copper water note, an old kiln brush frame, a bamboo brush barrel, an old kiln brush wash, paste a bucket, a water Excel, copper (or stone) paperweight.

The left side of a small wooden bed, under the bed put a footstool, the bedside put a small table, on the copper flower Zun or Kiln vase, when there are flowers will be full of flowers to collect the aroma of the bottle, usually will be placed on the top of the bushel stone in order to collect the dew in the morning, so that the eyes refreshing. Or put a stove to burn seals of approval or incense, and in winter put a warm inkstone stove.

Hanging a qin on the wall, a long wooden table in the center (wooden table to the best of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Yunlin's wooden table). Hang a painting on the wall. Only two types of paintings can be hung in the study room: landscape for the top, followed by flowers and trees. Or hang the famous paintings used for worship, clouds in the landscape, God, Buddha can also be. Next to the wooden table, there is a stove, a vase, an art decanter (i.e., a chopstick tube), and an incense box, which vary greatly in type and grade, depending on the choice of the learned and refined person. But among the four stoves, only Ru stove, stove, halberd ear Yi stove and other three of the best, the size of the stove is generally required to hearth diameter of no more than three inches. Vases should be gallows, goblet is the best of the gallows, followed by Song porcelain goose neck bottle, the rest can not be used. A wall vase can be hung on the wall in a suitable place, and used for flower arrangement in all seasons. Seats can be placed six Wu Xing bamboo shoots stool, a Zen chair, next to a duster, a scratch back (scratching with), a brown broom, a bamboo iron Ruyi.

The right side of the bookstore set up a bookshelf, bookshelf display "Zhouyi Guzhan", "Poetry by the side of the note", "Li Sao", "Zuo Zhuan", "hundred Tang poetry", "three talents Guangji" and other books.

For calligraphy posters, the regular script is arranged with Zhong Cao's Recommendation of Ji Zhi Zhi Tablet and Huang Ting Jing; the clerical script is arranged with Xia Cheng Stele and Shiben Li Rhyme; the running script is arranged with Li Bei Hai Yin Fu Jing and Yun Hui General Stele; and the cursive script is arranged with Seventeen Posters, Essentials of Cursive Script, Huaisu Thousand Silk Script Writings, and Sun Jiao Ting Script Record, and so on.

Other casual aspects can be arranged "Cao Tang Poetry", "Zheng Renewal of the Collection of Flowers", "Words through the Ages", "Selected Poems of the Middle Ages" and so on.

The above books are all mountain hermits need to read for a long time, so it is also a necessary book in the bookstore. As for paintings, you can collect several pieces of landscape paintings, figure paintings, flower and bird paintings of old authors, or ink paintings of celebrities and sages, and use them to fill up the bookshelf. If there is nothing to disturb the mind, people should often sit alone in the study, or chanting to the day, or reading by candlelight, in the study to enjoy a blessing, from learning to get a happy.

Gao Lian's "Shuzai said" is a model of ancient China's Shuzai stereotypes, the modern Shuzai still has an important reference value, but can not be simply copied and imitated. In fact, Gao Zi's study is a medium ordinary pattern, if more rich, there should be no bed, and put a huge bookcase and Bo Gu Shelf, the interior furnishings will be more luxurious. Most of the modern study in the building, become a study in the air, without the courtyard depends on, very close to the bedroom, there will be no bed, books on the shelves will also have a great change of books. Bibliotheca furnishing arrangement should be based on individual conditions, but no matter what, the bibliotheca will always be close to the cultural people.

Celebrities and bibliotheca

China's literati throughout the ages have been very concerned about the naming of the bibliotheca, or to say Zhi, or to self-motivation, or to send feelings, or to express wishes.

Tang Dynasty great calligrapher Huai Su, outside the house in the garden planted bananas, banana leaves instead of paper to practice calligraphy, its study named "green sky nunnery".

Lu You, a famous patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, in his later years to take the "Shi Kuang old and learn as if by candlelight at night", named his study "learning old Zhai", meaning to live to be old, learn old.

Ming dynasty mao jin collection of books of the world-famous, its bookstore called "ki guge", and engraved with a giant collection of books seal a. The seal text is: "the old and learning is like holding a candle at night," the bookstore named "learning old lounge", meaning to live old, learn old. The seal text is: "Zhao Wenmin scrolls not square, my family industry Confucian, hard work to place the book, to leave the children and grandchildren, its will how. The descendants do not sell, will come to sell, decadent family reputation, not as good as the birds and calves. If you return to the other house, when I think of the words, take it is not their own, no rather give up chan." He hoped that his children and grandchildren to read his collection of books, such as selling the books, will lose their family reputation, then worse than a beast.

Ming Dynasty writer Zhang Pu, born stupid, in order to strengthen the memory, every read article, it is neatly transcribed once, while copying and reciting and remembering, and then put into the fire, repeated six or seven times, and finally recite like a stream. Therefore, his study is named "seven burning nunnery".

Huang Zongxi, historian of the Qing dynasty, a lifetime of books, know astronomy, geography, calendar, mathematics, etc., essay writing as good as gold, and strive for simplicity, so the bookstore named "word cherish Zhai".

"Yangzhou eight monsters" one of Zheng Banqiao, his seals in the seals of the bookstore in between the lines, quite a flavor. Such as the alias seal for "seven official ear", look at the plain, look into the precious.

Pu Songling failed the exam, like to invite people to the book of gossip, and then based on the story of gossip processing and finishing written into a novel. The bookstore is "Liaozhai".

Wen Yiduo youth study outside, summer vacation two months back to his hometown, still reading hard, calling himself the study for the "February Hut". Become a professor, in the study, often all night long, rarely downstairs, the study is called "why not a downstairs".

Linguist Wang Li writings, there are vast monographs, there are exquisite fiction, since the cloud: "the ancients have the so-called carving dragon, carving bugs, where the carving dragon refers to the specialized writings, carving bugs refers to the general small articles, small meanings." Therefore, the bookstore named "dragon and insect and carving fast".

Mao Zedong although the leader, but he loved reading, in Zhongnanhai's "chrysanthemum incense bookstore" personal collection has reached tens of thousands of books. The seal he often used was "Mao's Collection of Books", which was engraved by the Shanghai seal engraver Wu Pudang and was so treasured by Mao that all his books were inscribed with this seal.

In addition, the records of some celebrities' study halls are as follows:

"Xuan Ting" of Yang Xiong, a writer in Han Dynasty, "The Ugly Room" of Liu Yuxi in Tang Dynasty, "Jade Chime Room" of Wen Zhengming in Ming Dynasty, "Jade Chime Room "Xiang Guan Zhai" of Xu Wen Chang, "Liu Ru Jushi (alias seal)" of Tang Pak Fu, "Qing Yuan Taoist (alias seal)" of Tang Xianzu; "Weng Fang Gang" of the Qing Dynasty. Weng Fangzang's "Fuchu Zhai", Wang Yirong's "Tianyige", He Shaoji's "not wash inkstone Zhai", Gong Zizhen's "Dingan", Liu Osprey's "Tingan", and the "Fuzheng". ", Liu Osprey's "hold the disabled and keep the shortage of fasting"; modern Liang Qichao's "drinking ice room", Wu Changshuo's "Fou Lu" and "Stone talent room"; modern Zhu Ziqing's "Judgemental gaming lounge", Liu Yazi's "Yi building", Liang Shiqiu's "elegance of the lounge "Feng Youlan's" Three Pines "Chen Heng's" Likeng Hall "Feng Zikai's" Yuan Yuan Hall "Mei Lanfang's" Plum Blossom Poetry Room "Plum Blossom Poetry House", Ye Shengtao's "Weihua Residence", Qi Baishi's "Send Ping Hall", Zhang Shanzhu's "Dafeng Hall "Sun Li's "Kengtang", Yang Shuda's "Jieweiju", Ruan Zhangjing's "Bitter Noise Building", Yao Xueyin's "Endless Zhai" and so on, are all eye-catching and precious symbols of the Chinese culture of study.

Modern bibliotheca in the ascendant

Entering the 21st century, it is believed that: the future of science and technology will develop at a high speed, new things come out in endless streams, people's interest in the tradition of the gradual attenuation. Modern life makes the tradition in people's hearts and minds of the imprint is getting fainter and fainter, the other side of the enthusiasm for new things is the indifference to the historical tradition, therefore, as a symbol of the traditional culture of the bookstore will be the "age of the map" of the computer and the network replaced. The author from the macro-trend of cultural development, the point of view is just the opposite: in the new century, the bookstore will still become a modern society to continue to exist in the cultural phenomenon.

First, the modern bibliotheca inherits the tradition.

The continuation of traditional Chinese culture is very powerful, fashion on the return of traditional culture and respect, the pursuit of harmony and unity of man and nature, so that people pay more attention to traditional culture, aesthetic interests back to the basics, books will never be abandoned. At the same time, the traditional cultural education training and create more newborn bookish subjects - readers, readers will not disappear, as long as there are readers, there will be a bookish.

Secondly, the modern bibliotheca has a strong foundation.

Reform and opening up brought about by the improvement of people's material life is bound to promote the improvement of the taste of spiritual and cultural life, which provides a material basis for the popularization of bibliotheca. People have a surplus of space to create a bibliotheca, people have a surplus of money to buy books, buy art to decorate the bibliotheca.

Third, the modern bibliotheca with the times.

The development of modern science and technology has made the communication of people around the world more convenient and extensive, the attraction between different cultures is stronger, the examination of history is more calm and reasonable, the cultural function of the bibliotheca will be more and more developed. The amazing development of the network makes it possible for people to read ten thousand volumes of books without leaving their homes. At the same time the power of science and technology to the profound Chinese culture of the unique charm of unprecedented concentration in front of the world, so that the modern bibliotheca added an essential favorite - computer.

In short, the historical tradition and technology fashion in the modern bibliotheca harmoniously united together. In the new era, the bibliotheca is still China's cultural heritage of the meeting point, the fermentation pool of individuality and creativity, the world of harmony between man and nature. At the same time, the bookstore is also increasingly become a platform for Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges. Shulai is always the spiritual home of Chinese literati.