Research on Architectural Structure and Decorative Art of Ancient Dwellings?

Ancient dwellings recorded the living conditions and customs of human beings at that time and belonged to a special cultural heritage. Influenced by the surrounding Huizhou merchants, Jiangxi's regional residential style is biased towards Huizhou residential style, and the architectural form of each Huizhou residential style varies according to different regions. The Wangshan Earth Warehouse, also known as the "Small Forbidden City in the South of the Yangtze River", was designed by the chief designer of the Forbidden City. It is the official residence of Huizhou merchants' folk architecture combined with the grand distribution of the royal family. It has special architectural forms and decorative arts, as well as unique research and protection value.

Ancient dwellings; Jiangxi; Architectural structure; decorate

I. Research object and purpose

(1) Research object and research direction: Wangshan Earth warehouse is located in the north of Nanchang City and the middle of Jiangxi Province. It was built by three brothers of Cheng family in Qing Dynasty. The building complex is close to Wangshan Mountain, which is called "Earth Library" in local Hakka dialect, hence the name "Wangshan Earth Library". After years of preservation, it is relatively complete. Based on its unique culture and special architectural conditions, this paper studies its architectural space and decorative art, and analyzes its artistic techniques different from other Huizhou-style buildings. (II) Research purposes 1950, the traditional housing forms in China have changed. In 1980s, domestic researchers began to pay attention to the study of traditional houses in China. Local governments pay more and more attention to the protection of local ancient houses. From the perspective of architectural space and decorative art, the author analytically expresses the unique formal characteristics and emotional connotation of Wangshan earth bank, and discusses its protection measures according to the research results.

Second, the historical context and site selection

(1) Historical and cultural heritage is named after the traditional moral thought of "loyalty, filial piety and honesty". "It is a big fallacy for ordinary people to see Park Su-jen making fun of him for being rustic ..." Educate children to cultivate their morality and be prepared to cherish their own blessings and not bully others; Tang Gongcheng (Hu Shi) should be "willing to sympathize with the sufferings of ancestors forever;" Thrift can still prevent future generations from being extravagant. "Ji Tinggong Cheng Huancai's diligent and low-key style; The way to live is to warn future generations that it is a blessing to suffer. There is a saying from Tang Gong (Hu), "One day you will suffer; Second, learning suffers; Eat three losses; Four no losses "story; Qingfeng Chenggong believes that governing the country should be clean and honest, so "the heart is big, and the world is full of things; Empty your heart and be a good person on earth; Calm down and talk about things in the world; Sneak into their hearts and observe the principles of the world; Pay attention to the changes in the world ... Therefore, the family motto of the Cheng family is "No one who is powerful, blessed or poor can bully ...", which has been widely known and spread to this day. (2) The site is located in Wangshan Tuku, where there are mountains in the west and Marong River, a tributary of Ganjiang River in the north, forming a geographical form of "water in the north, mountains in the west and flat terrain", which provides extremely convenient living conditions for the village. Cultivated land is irrigated by river water, with Marong River as the center, distributed to the north and south sides, extending southward through tributaries, and spreading around with Datang Village as the center. This kind of geography, water system and cultivated land environment laid the foundation for the formation of villages and became the environmental conditions for the location of Wangshan soil library. Different from ordinary Huizhou ancient villages, the village head of Zhaizi is not in Shuikou, but built in the middle of Marong River. According to legend, it was built at the suggestion of a Feng Shui master, which may explain why the location of the earth embankment is different from other villages.

Thirdly, the analysis of architectural structure and spatial form.

(1) analysis of building structure * * There are nine earth warehouses, which are the residences of brothers and their parents. One column is one room, and the local people think that the nine rooms are unlucky, so they named them "Ten Rooms". The whole building structure is square, symmetrical and orderly. Distributed side by side with the ancestral hall as the center. Houses are connected by lanes, and the widest lane is used by official cars, with a width of eight feet, hence the name "Eight-foot Lane". There is a drainage ditch on each side of Bachi Lane, and there is only one drainage ditch in other lanes. There will be a wing next to each main room, which is the servant's residence or kitchen. Each row of main rooms has two exits leading directly to the outside. In order not to disturb each other between brothers, each row of wing rooms is also equipped with two exits through the wall, which is convenient for servants to enter and leave. There is a dog hole next to the exit. The whole house is surrounded by high walls, like a miniature version of the Forbidden City. There are lecture halls, military equipment yards, ancestral halls and other public places in the house, which are interspersed between the main rooms and close to Bachi Lane, so that all rooms can reach the public places smoothly. There is a flag field in front of the whole house site, and each flagpole has a "golden rooster". Only one Jinshi can plant flags to encourage future generations to get rich. (2) Analysis of architectural space: The ancestral hall is a public place for ancestor worship, which is composed of a dual spatial structure with a completely symmetrical central axis. People worship ancestors and gods in the hall to meet the space needs of daily life and housework, which is a space with compound functions. [2] The entrance is blocked by a partition door, and enters the main hall after the partition door. There are two rooms on each side of the partition door, and the door faces the center of the hall. There are rectangular patios on both sides of the first entrance, and nearly square patios on both sides of the second entrance, each with a water tank. Lingtai is located at the end of the whole space, and the hall in front of Lingtai is vast and used for sacrifice. The main rooms are generally one in and one out, and all rooms are distributed around the patio. Generally, patios are symmetrically distributed with the central axis. At the end of the central axis is a hall pavilion that receives guests. Tables and chairs are symmetrically placed in the hall, and plaques and calligraphy and painting are placed on the central axis of the hall. The central axis of the building is the leading line to strengthen and distinguish the status, and the zoning determines the change of the residential space sequence. [3] The wing room is small, generally 4.8mx4.8m square room with only one aisle and a long patio arranged in rows. Each wing is adjacent to the roadway and enters the main room through the door on the fence of the roadway. According to the author's observation, there will be a row of rooms next to each row of main rooms, with public spaces distributed on both sides, and then a room will be installed next to the main room to facilitate servants to walk between the main room and the room or kitchen warehouse. The lecture hall is a large space in the first-order structure, similar to the main room. There is a room on each side of the hall, patio and entrance. Students study hard in the hall. The author initially thinks that the lecture hall is used for Mr. Wang's rest and work. (3) Water system analysis The drainage system of the earth warehouse was built with reference to the drainage system of the Forbidden City, and it has never been blocked since its construction. The whole drainage ensured that the embroidered shoes and official uniforms of ancient officials were not wet. The water system consists of main pipes and branch pipes, and the drainage of the whole homestead is completed through sewer floor drains and culverts. The whole water system is only used to remove rainwater, not to discharge pollutants, which is one of the reasons why this water system will not be blocked. The whole drainage system is divided into indoor and outdoor. Outdoor drainage is carried out in the form of drainage ditch, and indoor drainage is carried out in the form of shared patio. The ground below the patio is about 30 cm lower than the surrounding area, while two or four floor drains are used below the patio to drain water into the branches, then into the trunk, and then into the surrounding rivers from the trunk. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, according to the regulations of the palace, the ditches in the palace should be cleaned on time and dredged continuously every spring. [4] This habit has also spread to the people, and the earth embankment regularly dredges the drainage ditch every year to prevent water accumulation on the ground. The trunk of the house is generally distributed on the edge of the driveway outside the house, and it is often connected with each house in the form of open ditch. First, it is convenient for the water under the eaves to flow into the drainage ditch faster, and second, it is convenient for dredging. The branches of the house are generally distributed in the patio of the house, and they all merge into the trunk in the form of underground ditches. There are floor drains at the four corners of each patio. The shape of the floor drains is the same as that of the Forbidden City, such as copper coins.

Fourthly, the analysis of decorative arts.

(1) The stone carvings in the stone embankment are mainly round carvings and reliefs, which are mainly displayed on the manhole cover and door decorations. Each patio floor drain is equipped with a manhole cover. Most manhole covers are carved with different kinds of animals in the form of round carvings, mainly auspicious animals, such as Kirin and tortoise. With the help of the sunken manhole cover, the author speculated that it was filled by later generations. The door decoration of the earthen warehouse is also different. The fineness of door decoration is determined according to the dignity of the owner of the house. The stone carvings on three sides of the main house are exquisite and different, and the stone carvings on the wing are simple and unified. Most of the stone door decorations depict magpies, Four Treasures of the Study and the Eight Dark Immortals, while others are mainly auspicious carvings. (2) Wood carving is the same as most Huizhou architecture. The main carving forms of Wangshan Earth Warehouse are round carving, through carving, relief carving and re-carving. , and line carving is less used. Generally, round carvings are slightly carved on buckets, sparrows and bucket arches. Doors and windows are often carved to match the lighting and ventilation of the patio, while plaques, tables and chairs, cabinets and so on. Most of them are reliefs or heavy carvings. The woodcarving in the Wangshan Earth Library complex is mainly concentrated on the doors and windows. Wood carvings of doors and windows take the center as the core pattern, and the periphery is Xiangyun or plum blossom. Patterns have different styles and rich meanings. Most of the woodcarving patterns use unicorn animals, which is in line with the official products of the three brothers of Cheng's family to some extent. (1) In addition, the patterns of wood carving show more meanings of longevity and peace. ② Bats and the word "longevity" form a pattern to show the meaning of "longevity and well-being"; Use grapes to express the wish of "many children and many blessings"; Express the wish of "long life and loose age of cranes" with the scene of two cranes under the pine tree; The pattern of Kirin spitting books comes from legends. Kirin is divided into male and female, and Confucius is the son of Kirin. He was born with a good book. Since then, people often express their willingness to be officials by expressing respect for Confucianism. Many local banks adopt the form of "magpies sticking plum blossoms for good luck", with different forms; Tread on auspicious clouds with turtles to show wealth; Use bottles and cans and screens or apples to express "peace"; The scene of two cranes playing in the lotus pond expresses the "harmonious" family will; Use patterns composed of various forms of plum blossoms to express loftiness; There are also carvings with the theme of life scenes in the window grilles, expressing the owner's life situation, such as the house is located by a stream, with bamboo in front of it and Song Zhen House behind it; The bookcase is engraved with the styles of plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum, which reflects the rich flavor of the book; Xiangyun is often used on the armrest of the hall seat, and the style of "Kirin Bunny" is engraved on the backrest, indicating good luck; In the study, there will be two dragon playing beads engraved on the desk, and the word "longevity" will be on the backrest; The bed is the most exquisite, with a unicorn carved on the left and right, and this fairy tale scene engraved on the top of the bed, expressing the owner's desire to have a child. (3) Brick carvings in the brick carving soil library are mainly concentrated on the walls, which are generally decorated with hollowed-out carvings and embossed doors. Brick carvings have the shapes of quarter cakes, squares and rectangles. And each face is carved with different carvings, with exquisite craftsmanship. One-sided auspicious clouds, dark eight immortals, Niu Geng, butterflies, Kirin, bats and other patterns. The brick carving of the main room door adopts the method of unified square carving on all sides, and each side has different carvings. The door of the wing is simply carved with radians.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) cultural heritage protection

(A) the protection value of folk houses and the reasons for their disappearance "Architecture is a history written in stone", and folk houses are living fossils of social history. Folk houses are people's residences, and their settlements directly reflect the living conditions of human beings in various historical periods, as well as social conditions such as economy, system, productivity and production relations. [5] The decorative art of traditional houses reflects the local aesthetic attitude at that time, while the architectural form reflects people's lifestyle and religious beliefs. As the main carrier of folk culture, traditional ancient residential buildings need to be protected. However, due to the rapid increase of population and high population density in China, the traditional residential buildings can no longer meet the housing needs, and the traditional residential buildings are gradually replaced by buildings. In addition, the facilities (water and electricity) of traditional buildings have insufficient functions and poor fire prevention performance, which can not provide better living conditions, which also makes traditional folk houses gradually disappear to some extent. "Cultural Revolution" and complicated construction techniques may also be the reasons why traditional folk houses gradually withdrew from people's life circle. (II) Protection Measures of Wangshan Earth Warehouse According to the analysis of the architecture and decorative art of Wangshan Earth Warehouse, it can be seen that Wangshan Earth Warehouse has a unique architectural form, perfect drainage system and exquisite decorative art, and is a building complex with research value and protection value. Scholars of cultural heritage protection believe that we can start from four angles: original preservation, prototype relocation, in-situ protection and internal maintenance [5], and re-creation (combining modern living habits to expand the functions of ancient dwellings). The author surveyed the present situation of Wangshan earth warehouse on the spot and found that there are many wooden structures in the whole building complex. After long-term use, many wood structures have a certain degree of corrosion. If we only keep this point, it will easily lead to the collapse of future buildings, and the relocation and re-creation of prototypes will lose the significance of protecting local culture. Therefore, the author thinks that it is more appropriate to carry out local protection and internal maintenance protection measures. In addition, more attention should be paid to the influence of tourism on folk houses in the process of protection and development of Wangshan earth embankment. How to develop it properly? How to control the tourist capacity? How to increase the actual interests of villagers? It is the problem that the current tourism model brings to traditional houses.

Abstract of intransitive verbs

Based on the local folk houses in Nanchang, the author summarizes the following four points through the investigation, summary and analysis of the architectural structure and decorative art of Wangshan soil library. (1) site selection difference The site selection of earth warehouses is different from that of ordinary Huizhou-style houses, and the courtyards are not distributed according to the characteristics of "Lianli Tianjin" and "Shuikouji is a hometown of wood ...". The village is not at Shuikou, but by the pond. (2) Diversity of architectural space forms The architectural space forms of earth dikes are different from the conventional Huizhou architectural space, which are arranged symmetrically in front, with huge scale and concentrated distribution. The royal layout is adopted, and the details and interior of the house are in the form of Huizhou style. (3) The exploratory three-sculpture art of decorative arts is more the implication of Four Treasures of the Study and auspicious gifts, which reflects the age and mentality of the owner at the time of construction. From a historical point of view, it is just in line with the idea that the three brothers want to return to China in middle age. (4) Regularity of protective measures The formation of villages is influenced by culture, ideas and concepts. With the changes of the times, houses will also change, making it impossible for houses to record culture and customs. When the saturated people are washed away, the cultural heritage is destroyed. Appropriate tourism development can not only protect cultural heritage, but also continue to carry historical traces.

References:

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[2] Xie Ke, Xie Zhenlin. Social and Cultural Consciousness of the Internal Spatial Order of Huizhou Ancient Dwellings [J]. Industrial Architecture, 2014,44 (5): 5-8.

[3] Xie Tao. On the Architectural Decoration Style of Huizhou Ancient Dwellings [J]. Hundreds of Art, 2013,29 (2): 241-243.

Wang Xing. Deciphering the drainage system of the Forbidden City [J]. Survey and Design of China, 20 12 (8): 19.

[5] Zhu. The value and inheritance of traditional folk houses in China [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 20 1 1.

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