Materials for the hammock of the Tujia? General place of residence of the Tujia? And pictures of Tujia

All of them are earth and wood structures with white walls and red wood carvings with black tiles.

There are three Tujia autonomous counties (prefectures) in Hubei where they live, specifically: Changyang, Wufeng, and Enshi. In the plains of these places, sinicization is more serious, and only those in the high mountains still retain more Tujia customs.

Youyang, Xiushan, Shizhu, Yinjiang and Yanhe in Hunan.

The Tujia's footstools:

The Tujia's houses are generally made of wood, with a small amount of rock or brick. Building site selection but there are a lot of attention to detail, to first ask "Mr. Yin and Yang" frame compass ` look at the feng shui, generally require the seat of the north to the south, according to the mountains and the water, the wind to the sun. This is not only psychological factors, but also scientific factors. Such as building a house when choosing the main beam Material, not only to dry straight branch less, and to use easy to generate Maohuifa fir or tsubaki tree, to symbolize the hair family hair people. Carpenters cut the beam, the first burning paper money firecrackers, and let the tree to the top down, called "on the wind". After the beam is made, it should be made on the Taiji Bagua, and some also on the book "beautiful and beautiful". Night carpenter paid to personally preside over the beam ceremony. On the dye to sing praise "beam song" ` withdraw "beam poi", relatives are red cloth on the dye to show congratulations. When placing the beam, a red cloth bag of five grains is pressed on the tenon to show that the grains are plentiful. On this day, the host must have a big feast for the guests.

The Tujia people have a long history of living in wooden buildings with hanging feet. The old book of the Tang Dynasty: "Shiqi more miasma, the mountain has poisonous grass and sand vipers, people and building residence, climb the ladder and up, is the dry bar". According to the examination, today's Tujia people live in the footstool, both inherited the ancient "dry bar" architectural legacy, and the building more than hanging on the high cliffs and steep cans, or riverbanks and valleys, under the remote view, more dangerous and strange. Flat hanging foot is concerned about the pattern of craftsmanship, often carved and dyed paintings, ancient colors. Therefore, the Tujia Hanging House, or fine molding fine carving, or go horse to the cabinet, or overhead flying frame, or dangerous hanging cliffs, and the beautiful mountains and rivers into a painting, wonderful. Whenever the wind and sunshine, the clouds wrapped around the fog, mountain eagle near the window, the wind comes, leisurely and relaxed; if it is cloudy and obscure day, in a multi-layered shades of dark green tones clustered in a long smoky wooden buildings, as if a colorful lithographs of the Chinese and Western walls, a long time to appreciate the thoughts, and as if floating an old rough and slightly sad song, fascinating, long sunk into the historical and cultural river can not deceive themselves and others. Bai village, more buildings in the flat dam or the foothills of the mountains and water, each village dozens of households or hundreds of households ranging. Generally live in clusters, housing mostly two-story buildings or cottages. The corral and kitchen are generally separated from the main house. Layout of the room three a main house, a ping in front of the room, there is also a main house two horizontal house a patio ping. Housing structure, there are "high but eight, wide but five" said. Niche to the door, the door of the white people than the shrine width of eight points, while the Han Chinese shrine than the door width of eight points, forming a small contrast is not noticeable. White gate, the upper wide and lower narrow, a difference of five points. In front of the house behind the planting of plants and trees, cypress, bamboo bamboo, plantain.

Before the Qing Dynasty, regardless of Tujia, Minjia, the fire pit is not only the site of their lives, but also the sign of the Tujia counting household taxes. Commonly known as "fire pit money". "Folk burn a pot, for a fire pit, a number of grain." Sangzhi is the name of the "smoke household money", so ethnic minorities pay great attention to the fire pit. Some families, although the four generations of the same house still do not share the house, in order to less "fire pit tax". After the founding of New China, many ethnic minority people will be introduced into the Chinese national housing style cottage, the use of modern building materials, this old custom to make conscious reform. But living in the outskirts of the city ` deep mountain Tujia white people are still old habits are difficult to easy, housing structure is not much improvement.

Introduction:

Hanging footstools for the Tujia people live and live in the place, more built on the mountain on the terrain, was a tiger sitting in the shape of the "left blue dragon, the right white tiger, the front of the vermilion sparrow, after the Xuanwu" for the best house, and later on, pay attention to the direction, or sit in the west to the east, or sit in the east to the west. Hammock according to the mountain, in the flat ground with wooden pillars up and down two layers, the upper ventilation, dry, moisture-proof, is the living room; the lower layer is a pig and cattle pen circle or used to pile up debris. The general scale of the house is 4 rows of 3 houses or 6 rows of 5 houses, 5 columns of 2 rides, 5 columns of 4 rides for medium-sized families, and 7 columns of 4 rides for large families, and the courtyard is 4 rows of 3 houses. 4 rows of 3 houses are structured in the middle of the hall, and the left and right sides of the hall are called "rao room", which is used for living and cooking. Raochang is divided into two halves with the center column as the boundary, the front is used as the kang and the back is used as the bedroom. There is a curved corridor around the hammock, and the curved corridor is also equipped with railings. Once upon a time, the footstools were usually covered with thatch or cedar bark, and there were also stone slabs as the roof, but now, the footstools in West Hubei are mostly covered with mud tiles. The construction of hammock is a big event in the life of Tujia people. The first step is to prepare all the wood, the Tujia people called "cutting green hills", generally choose Tsubaki or purple trees, Tsubaki, purple because of the harmonic "spring", "son" and auspicious, meaning that the spring is always to the children and grandchildren Wang; the second step is to process the beams and column materials, the beams and column materials, the beams and columns are processed. is the processing of beams and columns, known as the "frame code", in the beams should also be painted on the eight trigrams, Taiji, lotus seeds and other patterns; the third process is called "row of fans", that is, the processing of the beams and columns connected to the tenon, rows of wooden fan; the fourth step is the The fourth step is to "set up the house firm column", the master choose the auspicious day, please help the neighbors, before the beam to sacrifice the beam, and then all people work together to put up a row of wooden fans, then, firecrackers, neighbors send gifts to congratulate. After the erection of the vertical column is nailed rafter angle, cover tile, installed board wall. Wealthy people also want to decorate the roof to the sky flying eaves, carved dragons and phoenixes under the hole in the corridor, decorative balconies and wooden rails. Tujia people also planted flowers and grasses in front of and behind the house, a variety of fruit trees, but not planted in front of the mulberry, not planted after the peach, because and "funeral", "escape" harmonic, inauspicious. There are many benefits of hanging buildings, high hanging ground ventilation and dry, but also to prevent poisonous snakes, wild animals, floor boards can be put under the sundries. Hanging buildings also have distinctive national characteristics, elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking rail" so that the hanging-footed building of its own style. This kind of hang-footed building than the "railings" more successful to get rid of the primitive nature, has a higher cultural level, known as the "living fossil" of the Ba Chu culture. The Tujia people love to live in groups and live in footstools. Built houses are mostly wooden structure, small green tiles, lattice windows, the Division eaves overhanging, wooden railing handrails, walking horse corner, ancient color ancient fence, behind the bamboo grove, paved with green slate, planing planks mounted house, pine bright illumination, has been living in the sunrise, sunset, the idyllic life of peace and quiet.

Edit this section features

The most basic feature is the main house is built on the ground, the compartments in addition to one side of the ground and the main house is connected to the rest of the three sides are overhanging, by the pillar support. There are many advantages of the suspended footstools, which are high above the ground to provide ventilation and dryness, as well as protection against poisonous snakes and wild animals, and under the floorboards can be used to put sundries.

Edit this section of the structure

Hanging-footed buildings on the mountain, in the flat ground with wooden pillars supported by the upper and lower floors, saving land, cheaper; the upper ventilation, dry, moisture-proof, is a living room; the lower is a pig and cow pens, or used to pile up miscellaneous goods. The general scale of the house is 4 rows of fans of 3 houses or 6 rows of fans of 5 houses, 5 columns of 2 rides, 5 columns of 4 rides of medium-sized houses, 7 columns of 4 rides of large families, 4 courtyard compound. 4 rows of fans of 3 houses structure, the middle of the hall, the left and right sides are known as the rao room, for living, cooking purposes. Raochang is divided into two halves with the center column as the boundary, the front is used as kang and the back is used as bedroom. There is a curved corridor around the hammock, and the curved corridor is also equipped with railings.　Some of the hammocks are three-story buildings built with cedar wood, except for the roof tiles. The pillars of the house are chiseled with large cedar wood, and the pillars are connected together with cedar wood of different sizes diagonally through the straight sets, though not using an iron nail is also very strong. The house is surrounded by a hanging tower, and the eaves of the building are turned upwards like wings to fly. The four walls of the house with cedar boards grooved and densely encrusted, sophisticated inside and outside are coated with tung oil and clean and bright.　The ground floor is not suitable for living, is used to raise poultry, placed in agricultural tools and heavy objects.　The second floor is a place to eat and live, with a bedroom, outsiders generally do not enter. Outside the bedrooms was the hall, where there was a fire pit around which the family ate their meals, which was spacious and convenient. It is spacious and convenient. Since there is a window, it is bright and well-lit, and the ventilation is good, so the family mostly does handicrafts and rests here, and it is also a place to receive guests. On the other side of the hall, there is a wide corridor connected to it, with a half-half-half-high railing and a row of benches, where the family often rests and where the mother dresses her daughter during the festivals.　The third floor is airy and dry, very spacious, and in addition to being used as a living room, it is also partitioned into small rooms for storing food and goods.

Edit this section of the form

Hanging-footed buildings have a variety of forms, and their types are as follows: Single-hanging type, which is the most common form, and some people call it "one head hanging" or "key head". It is characterized by the fact that only the compartment on one side of the main house sticks out in the air and is supported by wooden pillars below.　Double-hanging type, also known as "double hanging" or "key-head", it is the development of single-hanging type, that is, in the main house on both sides of the room are hanging out of the compartment. Single-hanging and double-hanging type and not to the formation of different regions, mainly depending on economic conditions and family needs, single-hanging and double-hanging type often **** in one place.　Quadruple water type, this form of hammock and is based on the development of double-hanging type, it is characterized by the main house on both sides of the upper part of the hammock part of the room into one, forming a courtyard. The two compartments of the downstairs that is the gate, this courtyard into the gate must also be a few steps up the stone steps, in order to enter the main house.　The second house hanging, this form is in the single hanging and double hanging on the basis of the development, that is, in general on the foot of the building and then add a layer. Single-hanging and double-hanging are applicable. Flat ground hanging type, this form of hanging footstool is also developed on the basis of single hanging, single hanging, double hanging are available. Its main feature is that, built in the flat dam, according to the terrain does not need to hang feet, but will be lifted up the compartment, supported by wooden pillars. The ground on which the wooden pillars are supported is even with the ground of the main house, so that the compartment is higher than the main house.

Edit Legend

The first legend

The legend says that the Tujia people's ancestors were flooded in their hometowns before they moved to the west of Ezhou, where ancient trees, thorns and thistles, jackals, wolves, tigers and leopards were all over the place. Tujia ancestors built the "dog paw shed" often attacked by beasts. People in order to be safe, they burned root and branch fire, buried inside the bamboo joints, fire and firecrackers scared away to attack the beasts, but people are still often threatened by poisonous snakes, centipedes. Later, a Tujia old man thought of a way: he let the boys use the ready-made tree as a frame, bundled with wood, and then laid on the wild bamboo tree strips, and then on the top of the frame covered with a canopy, built large and small air housing, eating and sleeping on it, and from now on no longer afraid of poisonous snakes and beasts of prey, and this construction of aerial housing was later developed into the present hanging.

The second legend

A long time ago, the ancestors of the Tujia people lived in caves or under big trees, and relied on hunting and fishing for a living.　When the heavenly King Zhang Tian Wang saw that the Tujia people had been living in caves and under big trees for generations and that their life was very hard, he had to go to the Dragon King of the East China Sea to borrow a temple to give to the Tujia people.　When Heavenly King Zhang arrived at the Dragon Palace in the East China Sea, he met the Dragon King and told him straight away. The Dragon King thought: my temple is big and heavy, and I don't think you can move it. So he agreed.　Zhang Tianwang came to a hanging foot three columns and two riders in front of the temple, with a hand gently lift, the temple up. Dragon King saw, regret should not agree. Only reluctantly said, "Use it and return it." Heavenly King Zhang said, "Return it in seven days."　Zhang Tianwang carried the temple to the Tujia cottage, called the Tujia people imitated a three-pillar two riding (i.e., three pillars on the ground, two pillars hanging in the air) hammock house.　Seven days passed, the Dragon King came to find Zhang Tianwang to return the temple. Zhang Tianwang said, "You want, I return you." Lifting the temple and dropping it in his hand, he threw it by the side of a river and stranded it across its banks. "Go carry it yourself!" The Dragon King knew he couldn't move it, so he huffed and puffed his way back to the Dragon Palace. From then on, every rainy season, the Dragon King would get angry and raise the flood, so that the water would wash away the temples on the river. People also can not cross the river from the temple in the season of high water. So people and the bridge under the dragon knife, the dragon no longer dare to enter the temple buildings, people not only have a house to live, to and from the river is also convenient.

The third legend

Hanging feet, is the Tujia people love the residence. One end of it stands on the flat dam, and the side of the room connected; one end hanging in the can, since the two-story building. People live on the upper floor, and livestock pens are set up on the lower floor. Most of the upper three parties have railings, handrails, balconies, open and clean, you can pick flowers and embroidery inside, reading and writing, but also to receive guests and friends, drying clothes, living in a comfortable, very good-looking. It has a history.　Legend has it that a long time ago, there was a family of Tujia farmers, the couple pulled two children. Every day the husband returned from labor, always put the straw raincoat, hat on the edge of the steps. Unexpectedly one morning, the straw raincoat and hat was pulled to the wall crannies, the original is a dog sleeping on it overnight miles. In order to avoid this kind of thing again, they found a big bamboo, with kudzu tied to the outer edge of the steps on the post, so as to hang the straw raincoat and hat.　Once, his wife sat under the eaves of the house, knitting linen and mending clothes, the two children always pestered her, so that she could not do the work, she was annoyed, and found a few sections of wooden bars, a few boards, hanging straw raincoats and hats on the Penny to build a platform. She sat on the top and continued to knit and mend clothes, no longer afraid of the children's noise.　People see this look good, they will further develop the platform into housing, which became the footstools. Talking about the foot of the building, the impression of people is a small wooden building in the river towering feeling, in fact, not, the foot of the building is the western edge of Hunan Xiangxi pendant of a kind of folk architecture, has an ancient legend!　The beautiful western Hunan, the mountain strange water is different, people wandering can not bear to go back. And the ancient color, special architectural style of the foot-hanging buildings, more added to the landscape a few points of charm. In Mr. Shen Congwen's hometown of Phoenix, Tuojiang River along the city, the local people living near the river, a hammock, high and low staggered. One end of the footstools to the riverbank as a support point, the other end is hanging in the water, high hanging columns standing in the water as support, full of a power of beauty.　Xiangxi hanging footstools have lively architectural forms, which can be built near the water, in the mountains and along the valleys, or on the edge of the fields and dams. Slightly cut and masonry, choose a good wood to support a block or a row of suspended buildings to the side of a few clumps of thick forests decorated with bamboo, saving time and labor, warm and picturesque. This kind of building eaves and corners, three sides around the corridor, "hanging" a few octagonal diamond, quadrilateral carved with hydrangea or golden gourd hanging columns, wall panels painted bright and shiny, and embedded with flowers and windows, ventilation to the sun. Flower windows are also often very deep intention, skeletonized with "double phoenix sunrise", "magpie love plum" and other patterns, simple and elegant.　The wonderful thing about the footstools is that they are moisture-proof, dry and ventilated; secondly, they are land-saving and inexpensive; thirdly, the footstools are built along the mountains and the water or against the fields and dams, and there is often a certain amount of open space between the overhanging pillars, so that they can be used for feeding domestic animals, and the "little goats under the footstools of the people" (Shen Congwen, "The Night of Duckhorn").　The ancient black-tiled wooden structure of the footstools has a bright, warm and friendly hall. If you are lucky enough to visit, the warm western Hunanese people will make tea and wine, and put out all kinds of wild food, making you feel at home.　Xiangxi footstools belong to the category of ancient dry-end architecture. The so-called dry-end building is a kind of house with a large volume, a hollowed-out lower roof and wooden planks on the upper floor for living" (Zhuang Yuguang, "Dry-end Building"). This form of architecture is mainly distributed in the south, especially in the Yangtze River Basin area, as well as in the mountainous areas. Because these areas are watery and rainy, the air and strata of humidity, because of the dry appendage building is the bottom of the elevated, extremely favorable for moisture and ventilation.

The Fourth Legend

Legend has it that at a very early time, the Tujia people in the western Hunan area put up some thatched huts to live in, cut the grass and plowed the land, and planted crops on the land after burning. There were many tigers, leopards, jackals, wolves, snakes and centipedes crawling everywhere in the old forests of the deserted mountains. As people were afraid of wild animals, they burned big fires and buried bamboo sticks in the fires to burn them. Wild animals were scared to come near the bright fires, but snakes, insects and ants didn't care much about them and often came to the house. An old man came up with an idea, he called out to some of the boys to cut tree strips, like a wooden row, tied up in the tree next to the hut frame, laying wild bamboo and thin tree strips, and then a layer of leaves and thatch, the top of the thatched roof to hide from the rain. People slept halfway up the tree, so it was not easy for snakes, insects and ants to climb up. However, after the insects had crawled over the food on the ground, people ate it and vomited and had diarrhea. The old man came up with a solution, telling his descendants to pull a large slab of rock up the tree, flatten it, put a layer of yellow mud on it, and then set up a pot on it to make rice, so that the food wouldn't be crawled by the insects.　Elderly people's approach soon spread from one place to another, people follow this approach to do, in the tree halfway between the thatched huts of all sizes, live in the above, the feet are hanging in mid-air, the folk called it "hanging feet building".

Edit this section of the cultural connotation

Hanging-foot buildings have rich cultural connotations, in addition to the Tujia folk architecture focus on the dragon, built according to the situation and the gods **** place of the phenomenon of the gods, there is a very prominent space cosmology concept. Tujia hammock is not only unilaterally in the embrace of the universe and nature, the universe is also in the embrace of the universe and nature at the same time. This spatial concept of accommodating the universe is very obvious in the ritual song of the Tujia people: "Take a step up, look at the treasure beam, a round of Taiji in the center, and the first element of the line is presented with auspiciousness. On the second step, joyful, 'Qiankun' two words on both sides, the sun and the moon into a pair of eternal enjoyment ...... "Here the" Qiankun "and", "The sun and the moon represent the universe. In a sense, the Tujia hammock in its subjective and the universe has become closer, more intimate, so that the houses, people and the universe as one, inseparable.