The first volume of the seventh grade has 300 words of learning experience in history.

Seventh grade China history knowledge.

Unit 1 The Origin of China Civilization

The ancient inhabitants of China

1. Humans evolved from apes, and whether they can make tools is the fundamental difference between humans and animals.

2. "Theory of Three Represents" theory is a map of ancient residents;

Representing culture

long time ago

Find the spot

Yuanmou Man

About1700 thousand years ago.

Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province

Beijing natives

About 700 thousand to 200 thousand years ago.

Beijing southwest Zhoukoudian

Prehistoric caveman

About 18 thousand years ago

Cave on the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, southwest Beijing

3. Progress chart of comparison between cavemen and Beijingers:

Representing culture

long time ago

appearance

tool making

Use of fire

concept

social organizations

Beijing natives

About 700 thousand to 200 thousand years ago

Preserve some characteristics of apes

Knock rough stone tools

Use natural fire

Primitive crowd

Prehistoric caveman

About 18 thousand years ago

The appearance is basically the same as that of modern people

Master polishing and drilling technology.

make a fire

Know how to love beauty and bury it after death.

A consanguineous family.

Lesson 2 primitive farming life

1, two representatives of primitive farming life in China:

hominid

long time ago

Find the spot

Production Activities

implement of production

house

device

Dress

The original inhabitants of Hemudu

About seven thousand years ago.

Yangtze valley

Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province

Grow rice, raise pigs, dogs, cattle and sheep.

Bone stone tools have been used.

Dry column house

Make pottery

Learning rotation

Banpo aborigines

About five or six thousand years ago.

Yellow River Basin

Banpo village near Xi, Shaanxi.

Grow millet and vegetables, raise pigs and dogs; Fishing and hunting

Stone grinding tools are widely used.

Semi-basement house

Lesson 3 China's ancestors

First, "descendants of the Chinese people"

1, Yan Di and Huangdi are the ancestors of the Chinese nation: Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After a long period of development, the future Huaxia nation was formed. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of the Han nationality and the backbone of the Chinese nation.

Yan Di and Huangdi made outstanding contributions to Chinese civilization.

Second, abdication system.

During the Yao, Shun and Yu dynasties, the method of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders was called "abdication system".

Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

First, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

dynasty

clotting time

Extinction time

capital

Founding monarch

The king who led to the collapse of the country

summer

About 2070 BC

About 65438 BC+0600 BC

Guangzhou

Yu

cruel

business

About 65438 BC+0600 BC

65438 BC+0046 BC

Moved the capital several times, Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin.

soup

It is said to be a tyrant

week

Western Zhou Dynasty

65438 BC+0046 BC

77 BC1

Haojing

Zhou Wuwang

Zhou Youwang

Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)

770 BC

garment of thin silk

Zhou Pingwang

Second, Xia, Shang and Zhou Politics

1, Qi inherited his father's footsteps and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. Since then, the hereditary system has replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" has become the "home world".

2. Various state institutions (including government agencies, military, criminal law and prisons) were established in the Xia Dynasty. ) as a tool for slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves.

3. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

(1) The purpose of enfeoffment is to consolidate the rule.

(2) The enfeoffment system includes two aspects:

The son of heaven distributed the land and people to relatives and heroes and made them princes.

(2) Duties of princes: obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou; Pay tribute to the emperor; Defend the territory in peacetime and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.

(3) The significance of the enfeoffment system: the remote areas were developed, the rule was strengthened, and the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country.

Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization

The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce formed the splendid bronze civilization of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China.

First, the superb craftsmanship of bronzes.

The characteristics of bronze casting in Shang and Zhou dynasties are: large scale, many varieties, fine craftsmanship and wide distribution.

Second, develop agriculture and animal husbandry.

Third, the miserable life of slaves.

1. Without personal freedom, you can transfer and trade at will.

2, human sacrifice: every time the Shang slave owners sacrificed their ancestors, they slaughtered a large number of slaves as sacrifices.

3. Martyrdom: After the death of the slave owner, the slave should be killed or buried alive as a funeral object.

Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

First, the spring and autumn hegemony.

1. The purpose of warlord hegemony is to force all countries to recognize his leading position and become the "overlord".

Famous overlords: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.

2. Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong became the hegemons for the same reason:

1 premise: the decline of the royal family

② Strength: Qi Jin became strong rapidly by developing production, training the army and rectifying internal affairs.

3 prestige: establish prestige through "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries" or war.

3, the influence of hegemonic war:

(1) has brought various disasters to the society;

(2) In the war for hegemony, some vassal states were wiped out and some countries with vast territory emerged.

Second, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period

1, the purpose of the war: merger and unification

2. The famous battles of the Warring States: the Battle of Guiling, the Battle of Maling and the Battle of Changping (the Battle of Changping, the defeat of Zhao Army, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack).

Lesson 7 the era of great change

I. Economy

1, iron farm tools and popularization in Niu Geng.

2. The famous Dujiangyan

① Designer and builder: Li Bing, prefect of Shu County, Qin State.

② Location: Minjiang River

Significance: Dujiangyan eliminated the flood of Minjiang River and irrigated a large area of farmland, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".

Second, politically-Shang Yang's political reform.

① Time: 356 BC

② Character: Shang Yang carried out political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.

Objective: To establish feudal rule, develop feudal economy and be invincible in hegemony.

④ Content and influence:

content

affect

Reward farming

Reward production (those who produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee)

Economic development, national wealth

In a word, Shang Yang's reform established the feudal system, which made Qin the most prosperous country in the late Warring States period and laid the foundation for Qin's national reunification.

Reward military service (according to the size of military service, award titles and fields)

The combat effectiveness of the army is enhanced and the soldiers are strong.

Recognize that land is private and allow free purchase.

Establish feudal land ownership

Establishing county system: the monarch directly sends officials to govern

Strengthen centralization

Thirdly, culturally, the scholars wrote books, expressed their opinions and debated with each other, forming an academic prosperity situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend".

Lesson 8 and Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture

First, the evolution of the text

time

business

Shang and Zhou Dynasties

Late western Zhou dynasty

Warring States period

trait

oracle bone script

Ancient bronze inscriptions

big seal character

Bamboo slips and silk books

material

Tortoise shell and animal bones

bronze vessels

Bamboo slips, silk books, silk

Two. Achievements in astronomy, calendar, medicine and literature

classify

achievement

astronomy

There are many records about solar and lunar eclipses in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, which are very reliable by modern scientists.

Calendar system

According to legend, there was a calendar in Xia dynasty more than 4000 years ago, and the calendar in Shang dynasty was more complete.

During the Warring States period, 24 solar terms were defined in one year.

Medical science

Bian Que, a famous doctor, has always been used by Chinese medicine.

literature

Qu Yuan and His Masterpiece Li Sao

Third, a hundred schools of thought contended during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

school of thought

period

Representative figure

work

Ideological content

Confucianists

the Spring and Autumn Period

Confucius

The Analects of Confucius

Political thoughts-"benevolence": "love" and "governing the country by virtue".

Educational thought: teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be modest and eager to learn, and learn new things by reviewing old ones.

Warring States period

Mencius

Governing the country with benevolence and neglecting taxes.

dao jia xue pai

the Spring and Autumn Period

Laozi

Tao Te Ching

Everything has opposites and opposites can be transformed into each other.

Warring States period

Zhuangzi

Let nature take its course and govern by doing nothing.

mohists

Warring States period

Mozi

"Universal love": I hope people can help each other and care for each other.

"Non-aggression": Oppose the war of aggression and support the just war.

Legalist school

Han Fei

Advocating reform; Advocate the rule of law; Put forward the establishment of a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization.

Military strategist

Kurt Sun

the art of war

"Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle."

Lesson 10 "The King of Qin swept Liuhe"

First, the unification of the Qin Dynasty.

Unified time: 22 BC1Capital: Xianyang, the first emperor: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng.

Significance: It ended the infighting situation that lasted for hundreds of years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created a new situation of unification. Since then, reunification has been the mainstream of China's historical development.

Second, measures to consolidate reunification.

measure

affect

politics

Establish a dictatorial centralization

It has been used in China for more than 2,000 years, which has had a far-reaching impact on the history of China.

economy

A unified currency, weights and measures

It has a very important influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity.

culture

Unified writing

burning books and burying Confucian scholars alive

Destroyed the culture and restricted people's thinking.

military affairs

Building the Great Wall in the North and Developing South Xinjiang

The Qin Dynasty has a vast territory and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.

Lesson 1 1 "Killing Qin without virtue"

First, the tyranny of the Qin dynasty

(1) Heavy corvee and taxes

(2) severe criminal law

The tyranny of the Qin dynasty seriously damaged the social economy, increased the burden and pain of the people, and aroused the people's resistance.

Second, Chen Guang Uprising

1, time: 209 BC

2. Location of the uprising: osawa Town.

3. After that:

(1) In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu revolted in Daze Township.

(2) The insurgents came to power in Chen Jianli, and Chen Sheng became king on his own.

(3) Because of the power of Qin Jun, the uprising was suppressed, and Chen Sheng and Guangwu were killed by his men.

4. Significance: The first large-scale peasant uprising in China's history, their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people in later generations to rise up against brutal rule.

Third, the peasant rebels overthrew the Qin Dynasty.

Xiang Yu: The Battle of Julu defeated Qin Jun's main force.

Liu Bang: The rulers of the Qin Dynasty surrendered to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty perished.

Unified Han dynasty

First, the dispute between Chu and Han and the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty

1, the battle between Chu and Han (Xiang Yu, overlord of Western Chu VS Hanwang Liu Bang)

2. The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty

Time: 202 BC

Capital: Chang 'an

The Founding Emperor: Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang

Second, the rule of Wen Jing

1, reason

① The situation in the early Han Dynasty: economic depression and ethnic poverty.

(2) Summarize the lessons of Qin Dynasty's death from tyranny.

2. Measures

(1) Pay attention to the development of agricultural production and reduce the burden on the people.

(2) advocate saving.

During the reign of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, the society was relatively stable, the people were rich and the country was prosperous. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of culture and scenery".

Third, the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

background

measure

affect

politics

The vassal States that were enfeoffed in the early Han Dynasty still had considerable power.

Promulgate the "favor decree" to weaken the power of sealing the country.

The client countries can no longer confront the central authorities.

think

Various schools of thought are still very active. They criticized the emperor's policies and accused the central authorities, which was very unfavorable to centralization.

"oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone";

The Five Classics of Confucianism is the main textbook of imperial academy.

Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal culture.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved great unity in politics, economy, military affairs and ideology, and entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era.

Fourth, the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Founded in 25 AD.

Capital: Luoyang

Founding Emperor: Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu

The Rise of Xiongnu and Its Peace War with Han Dynasty

A, modu chanyu unified Mongolian grassland

1, Huns' living customs: living a nomadic life and migrating by weeds.

2. Maodun unified Mongolian grassland for the first time.

3. The development of Xiongnu production (the prosperity of animal husbandry; Learn to farm and start farming and growing grain)

Second, the Huns and the Peace War of the Han Dynasty

time

Early years of western Han dynasty

Emperor Wu of Han dynasty

Han and yuan dynasties

situation

Economic depression, national poverty

After the rule of Wenjing, the national strength was strong.

The Huns split, in which Uhaanyehe surrendered to the Han Dynasty.

policy

Marriage: treat the imperial daughter as a princess, marry the Huns far away, and give a lot of food and textiles every year.

Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked the Huns.

Zhao Sai

affect

Tarquin went south year after year, and pro-Xiongnu did not fundamentally solve the threat.

In the battle of Mobei, the Xiongnu suffered heavy losses and were unable to fight against the Western Han Dynasty.

It has made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.

Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road

First, Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions.

1. Western Regions: west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, now Xinjiang and beyond.

2. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions.

Time: BC 138.

Task: Contact the Yue family and attack the Huns.

Significance: I learned about the experience of the western regions and their desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty.

3. Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions.

Time: 65438 BC

Mission: To conduct friendly political and economic exchanges with countries in the Western Regions.

4. Establishment of the Western Regions.

Time: 60 BC

Since then, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China.

Second, the Silk Road.

1, Silk Road on Land

China's silk and silk products were transported from Chang 'an through Hexi Corridor to today's Xinjiang, then to West Asia and then to Europe, and the treasures of western countries were imported into China.

2. Maritime Silk Road

Prosperous Qin and Han culture (1)

First, the invention of paper and the improvement of papermaking in Cai Lun

1. The invention of paper (time: early Western Han Dynasty)

2. Cai Lun improved papermaking (Cai Houzhi)

Second, the Nine Chapters Arithmetic and the Seismograph.

1, Chapter 9 Arithmetic (Summing up the Mathematical Achievements from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty)

2. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng (recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world)

Third, there are many famous doctors.

figure

good name

achievement

Hua Tuo

A highly skilled doctor

Anesthetic drugs "Mafeisan" and "Wuqinxi"

Zhang Zhongjing

Medical sage

Treatise on Febrile Diseases expounds the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine.

The Prosperous Culture of Qin and Han Dynasties (2)

First, the introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism

1, Introduction to Buddhism

(1) originated in ancient India.

② It was introduced into the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.

(3) When Emperor Hanming was in the East, he built the first Buddhist temple in China-Baima Temple.

(4) Doctrine: After death, people can be reincarnated in the afterlife, people can suffer hardships in this life, and if they truly believe in Buddhism, they can be happy in the afterlife.

2. The rise of Taoism

Taoism is a native religion.

② Founder: Zhang Ling

③ It rose among the people in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

(4) Doctrine: advocating self-cultivation and refining Dan medicine in order to live forever.

Second, Sima Qian and Historical Records

Lu Xun's evaluation of Records of the Historian: Historian's swan song and Li Sao without rhyme.

Historical achievements:

(1) It is the first biography of China.

(2) Become a model of biographical history books in later generations.

Literary achievements:

It is an excellent literary work with concise words, vivid language and vivid characters.

Third, the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, which sensationalized the world, are known as the eighth wonder in the world.

The three countries stand upright.

First, the battle of Guandu

1. Situation: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords were separated and production was seriously damaged.

2. Time: 200 AD

3. Fighting sides: Yuan Shao VS Cao Cao.

4. Result: Cao Cao defeated Yuan Jun with less, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

Second, Battle of Red Cliffs

1. Situation: Cao Cao basically unified the north and wanted to unify the whole country; Liu Bei and Sun Quan developed their influence in the south.

2. Time: 208 AD

3. Fighting sides: Cao Cao VS Sun Liu Lianjun.

4. Results: Sun and Liu joined forces, laying the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

Third, the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

The name of the ruling dynasty

time

capital

Founding monarch

Wei State (AD 220-265)

Be proclaimed emperor in 220 years.

Luoyang

Cao pi

Han/Han/Chinese/human

22 1 year proclaimed himself emperor.

Chengdu

Liu Bei

A country in the Zhou dynasty

Become king in 222 years.

Jianye

Sun quan

Fourth, the economic development of the three countries

Guo Wei: many water conservancy projects have been built, and the production in the north has been restored and developed;

Shu State: Silk industry prospers, and Shu brocade is marketed in the three countries;

Wu: The shipbuilding industry is developed. Wu's fleet arrived in Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the connection between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.

The development of Jiangnan area

First, the rise and fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the ethnic groups moving inward

1, the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty

1 Wei mieshu;

② In 265, the Western Jin Dynasty replaced Wei;

Founding Emperor: Sima Yan.

Capital: Luoyang

(3) In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu and achieved reunification.

2. Ethnic groups move in.

Wuhu: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiejie, Biandi and Qiang

3. The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty

① Reason: The ruling group was decadent, and the royal family in the Western Jin Dynasty competed for the throne for more than ten years, which exhausted the national strength of the Western Jin Dynasty.

(2) The bureaucratic landlords in the Western Jin Dynasty brutally oppressed the ethnic minorities who moved inward and aroused their resistance.

In 3 16 AD, an inward-moving armed force of Xiongnu perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Second, in the water war.

1, situation:

① South: Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, with its capital in Jiankang, which was called "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.

② North: The pre-Qin regime established by Adi Fu Jian was strong and unified the Yellow River basin.

2. Time: 383 AD

3. both sides of the battle: former Qin VS eastern Jin.

4. Result: The Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin Dynasty with fewer victories. The former Qin Dynasty collapsed, and the northern region once again fell into a state of separatist melee. The Eastern Jin Dynasty achieved temporary stability and provided favorable conditions for economic development.

Third, the economic development of Jiangnan.

1, the reasons for the economic development of Jiangnan:

(1) Jiangnan area has superior conditions for developing agriculture.

(2) The migration of population to the south has brought labor and advanced production technology.

(3) There are few wars in Jiangnan and the society is relatively stable.

(4) the hard work of the working people in the North and the South.

2. Performance:

A lot of wasteland has been reclaimed into farmland.

② Many water conservancy projects have been built.

③ Agricultural technology progress: using green manure and popularizing Niu Geng and manure.

④ Wheat extends to the south of the Yangtze River.

3. Impact: It laid the foundation for the gradual shift of economic center of gravity to the south.

Lesson 20 Great Integration of Northern Nationalities

I. Unification of the North

In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei nationality unified the Yellow River basin.

Second, national integration.

1. People of all ethnic groups in the Yellow River Valley have lived together for a long time, and have frequent daily contacts, influencing each other in production technology and living customs, and gradually merging.

2. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

Move the capital to Luoyang to better learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality.

Sinicization policy: learning Chinese; Wear hanfu; Use China surname; Marry with the Han nationality; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality; Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality.

Significance: These measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted national integration.

Lesson 265438 +0 and Lesson 22: Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

kind

dynasty

Representative figure

work

contribution

mathematics

Southern Dynasties

Chungchi Tsu

Composition technique

For the first time in the world, the value of pi is calculated to the seventh place after the decimal point, which is one thousand years ahead of the world.

agriculture

Northern Dynasties

Jia Sixie

Qi Min yaoshu

The first complete agricultural science book in China.

geography

Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534)

Li daoyuan

Notes on Water Classics

Taking waterway system as the key link; Comprehensive geography monograph.

Painting and calligraphy

Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420)

Wang Xizhi

Preface of the Orchid Pavilion

The words written are either beautiful and fresh, or "floating like a cloud, as nimble as a dragon". Preface to Lanting has the reputation of "the best running script in the world", and Wang Xizhi is called "the sage of books" by later generations.

draw

Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420)

Gu Kaizhi

A Women's History and a Luoshen Fu

Grottoes art

Northern Dynasties

Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province

Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province