Ancient etiquette in the custom belongs to what

In ancient China, there were five rituals, namely, auspicious rituals for sacrifices, auspicious rituals for marriage, auspicious rituals for crowns, auspicious rituals for guests, auspicious rituals for military affairs, and auspicious rituals for funerals. Folklore circles believe that rites of passage include the four rites of life: birth, coronation, marriage and funeral. In fact, rituals can be divided into two main categories: political and living.

Political rituals include sacrifices to heaven and earth, sacrifices to temples and ancestral temples, sacrifices to ancestors and saints, honoring the teacher, drinking rituals, meeting rituals, military rituals, etc. The origin of life rituals is explained in the following way. The origin of life rituals, according to Xunzi's statement, there are "three" that is, "heaven and earth, the birth of this", "the ancestors of the class of this", "the ruler of the division of this ". Among the rituals, funeral rites are the earliest. Funeral rites were used to appease the ghosts of the dead, but they became a rite of passage for the living to distinguish between the young and the old, and to show filial piety and respect for the human race.

In the process of establishing and implementing rituals, the Chinese patriarchal system (see Chinese Patriarchy) was born. The essence of rituals is the way to rule people, a derivative of the belief in ghosts and gods. It is believed that all things are manipulated by invisible ghosts and gods, and that the performance of rituals is a way of pleasing the ghosts and gods for good fortune. Therefore, etiquette originated from the belief in ghosts and gods, and is a special form of manifestation of the belief in ghosts and gods.

The emergence of the "Three Rites" (Yi Li, Li Ji, and Zhou Li) marked the mature stage of the development of etiquette. During the Song Dynasty, the rituals were integrated with the feudal ethical and moral sermons, i.e., the rituals were mixed with the rites, and became one of the powerful tools for the implementation of the rites. Rituals were performed in the service of moral persuasion, and red tape was used to the fullest extent.

Ancient political rituals

①Sacrifice to heaven

The sacrifice to heaven, also called the suburban sacrifice, began in the Zhou Dynasty and was held on the day of the winter solstice in the southern suburb of Huanqiu, the capital of the country. Ancient people first emphasized the worship of the entity, the worship of the sky is also reflected in the worship of the moon and the worship of the stars. All of these specific worship, after reaching a certain number of abstraction for the worship of the sky. The worship of heaven in the Zhou Dynasty was developed from the worship of "emperor" in the Yin Dynasty, and the supreme ruler was the Son of Heaven, with the divine right of kings, and the worship of heaven was for the service of the supreme ruler, therefore, the worship of heaven was prevalent in the Qing Dynasty before it came to an end.

②Sacrifice

Summer solstice is the day of sacrifice, the rituals and sacrifices to the sky is more or less the same. In the Han Dynasty, the goddess of the earth was called Earth Mother, the goddess of blessings to mankind, and the goddess of the community. The earliest sacrifice to the ground is blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, the Feng Shui belief that it was inappropriate to move the earth prevailed. The rituals of land sacrifice also include sacrifices to mountains and rivers, the God of Earth, the God of Valley, and the God of Jigoku.

③The Sacrifice of Zongtiao

The Zongtiao system was a product of ancestor worship. The place that people build for the spirits of the dead in the Yangwang world is the clan-temple. The temple system of the emperor was seven temples for the son of heaven, five temples for the vassals, three temples for the great doctors, and one temple for the soldiers. The common people were not allowed to set up temples. The location of the temple, the son of heaven, the vassals set up in the door on the left side, the doctor is the temple of the left and the right bedroom. The common people is the bedroom in the stove next to the ancestral shrine. Sacrifice, but also divination and selection of the body. The corpse is generally filled by the grandchildren. Temple in the God is a wooden rectangular body, the sacrifice is placed, the offerings can not be called by name. Nine rites of worship are performed during the sacrifice: "稽首", "顿首", "空首", and "振动" (vibration), "Auspicious worship", "Fierce worship", "Odd worship", "Praise worship", "Su worship". Su worship". There are also rituals for the ancestors of the emperors, according to the "Rituals - Qu Li", all the ancestors who have done something for the people, such as Emperor ?ào, Yao, Shun, Yu, Huang Di, King Wen, King Wu, etc., are to be worshipped. Since the Han Dynasty, mausoleums and shrines have been built to honor the former emperors. In the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Taizu created a temple for all the emperors and kings in Kyoto. Jiajing in Beijing Fuchengmen established the temple of successive emperors and kings, sacrificing the 36 emperors and kings.

④The Sacrifice of the Sacred Master

After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the Duke of Zhou was the Sacred Master, and Confucius was the Sacred Master; in the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was honored as the Sacred Master, and Yan Hui was the Sacred Master. After the Tang and Song dynasties have been using the "Shi Dian" ritual (set up a recommended altar and food and sacrifice, with music and no body), as a school ritual, but also as a Confucian ritual. In the North and South Dynasties, the ceremony was held twice a year in spring and fall, and the temples of Confucius and Yan were set up in the county schools around the country. The Ming Dynasty called Confucius as "the most sacred teacher". Qing Dynasty, Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning Province) has a Confucian temple, after the capital of Beijing, the capital of Guozijian for the Imperial College, the establishment of the Temple of Literature, Confucius said "Dacheng to the Sage Wenxuan Xian Shi". The temple system, sacrificial vessels, musical instruments and rituals in Qufu were based on the Beijing Imperial College. The ritual of drinking wine in the township is a product of the worship of the late master and the late saint.

⑤Meeting Ceremony

Subordinates pay their respects to their superiors by paying their respects; officials pay their respects by bowing to each other, and the officials, marquises, and extra horse harnessed by the side of a team pay two respects to each other, with the subordinates paying their respects in the west, and the superiors answering their respects in the east. When civilians meet each other, they salute each other according to their age and the younger ones salute each other. The young ones were saluted. Four salutes were performed outside the house, and a bow was performed near the house.

6 Military Rites

These included logging, taxation, hunting, and camping.

Ancient Life Rituals

①Birth Rituals

From a woman's quest for a son when she is not yet pregnant to the baby's first birthday, all rituals revolve around the theme of long life. The High-requesting Sacrifice is the rite of begging for a son. At this time, an altar was set up in the southern suburb, and all the nine concubines attended. Han Wei have high heir-requesting sacrifice, the Tang and Song dynasty developed a high heir-requesting sacrifice rituals, Jin dynasty high heir-requesting the Qing Emperor, in the imperial city of East Yong'anmen north of the wooden square platform, the platform set under the high heir-requesting god. In the Qing Dynasty, there was no sacrifice for the High Sacrifice, but there was a ceremony of "changing the rope" which had the same meaning as the High Sacrifice. Since ancient times, there has been a tendency to give preference to male children over female children in the birth ceremony. Birth rites also include "three dynasties", "full moon", "100 days", "birthday" and so on. The "Three Rites of Passage" is when a baby is born on the third day of life and receives congratulatory gifts from all quarters. "When a baby reaches the age of one month, he or she has his or her hair shaved. "On the 100th day, the baby is recognized by his or her uncle and named. "When the baby turns one year old, he or she is given the ceremony to predict the fate of the child's life and his or her career.

②Coming-of-age ceremony

Also known as the Crown Ceremony, it is a rite of passage into adulthood for a man to be crowned. Crown ceremony from the clan society prevails in young men and women to participate in the development of maturity into the ceremony evolved. The Han Dynasty inherited the Zhou Dynasty crown ceremony system. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the crown ceremony began to be accompanied by music. The Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties all practiced crown rites, which were abolished in the Qing Dynasty. Many regions of China's ethnic minorities still retain ancient rites of passage, such as the rituals of tooth extraction, tooth dyeing, wearing skirts and pants, and coiling the hair in a bun.

③Enjoyment of Yan dietary etiquette

Enjoyment held in the temple, cooking Taijun to drink guests, focusing on the etiquette of exchanges and not in the diet, Yan that is, the feast, Yan rituals in the bedchamber, the host and guest can be open to drink. The Yan ceremony had a profound influence on the formation of Chinese food culture. Festivals and banquets in the Chinese folk food customs to form a holiday diet rituals. The first fifteenth day of the first month to eat the Lantern Festival, the Qingming Festival to eat cold rice and cold food, May Duanyang zongzi and xionghuang wine, the Mid-Autumn Mooncake, Lapa congee, resignation dumplings and so on are festival rituals of food and drink. Eating specific foods at specific festivals is also a kind of dietary etiquette. The order of seating at banquets, the order of serving food, the etiquette of persuading and toasting, also have the requirements of the social customs of men and women, inferiority and superiority, the relationship between the eldest and the youngest, and the requirements of blessing and avoidance.

④Bin etiquette

Mainly the gift of hospitality to guests. There is a hierarchical difference in the etiquette of gifts to and from guests. Shi met, the guest to see the host to the pheasant as Zhi; under the doctor to meet, to the goose as Zhi; on the doctor to meet, to the lamb as Zhi.

5 five sacrifices

means sacrifices to the door, the household, the well, the stove, the center (the center room). In the Zhou Dynasty, it was to sacrifice to the household in spring, to the stove in summer, to the middle chamber in June, to the door in autumn, and to the well in winter. Han Wei five sacrifices according to the seasons, Meng winter March "wax five sacrifices", the total sacrifice once. Tang, Song, Yuan, the use of "Son of Heaven seven sacrifices," said, sacrificing life (small gods in the palace), in the country, the door, the country line, Tai Li (wild ghosts), household, stove. Ming and Qing dynasties still sacrifices five sacrifices, after the Kangxi Qing dynasty, striking off the door, the household, in the well of the special sacrifices, only in the twenty-third of December sacrifices stove, and the folklore of zaowangzhi Lunar month twenty-fourth toward the sky to speak of the story, the national rituals used in the form of folklore.

6 Nuo Yi

Goblet in prehistory, prevalent in the Shang Zhou. Nuo rituals of the Zhou Dynasty is the four seasons to drive away evil spirits and epidemics. Zhou people believe that the workings of nature and personnel are closely linked to the good and bad. Seasonal transition, cold and heat variations, plague epidemic, ghosts take advantage of the situation, so must be the right time to exorcise the evil. Nuo instrument in the main God is Fang Xiang Shi. Two Han, Nuo instrument appeared in the twelve beasts matched with the Fang Xiangshi. Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties, Sui and Tang inherited the Han system, Nuo instrument to join the entertainment component, Fang Xiang's and the role of the twelve beasts, played by musicians. So far there are still remnants of Guizhou Tujia Nuo Nuo instrument is the most complete and typical.