What sutras are there in the Buddhist Sutra 1***?

This is difficult to count. For reference, the Tripitaka refers to sutras, laws, and treatises. The Twelve Parts refer to the Buddha’s teachings. Sutras are divided into twelve categories, also known as the Twelve Points, that is, long lines and heavy chants. , solitary rise, metaphor, cause and condition, self-explanation without asking, original life, ability, never had, fangguang, discussion, prophecy.

The Tripitaka

The original scriptures of the Tripitaka were originally in Sanskrit and Pali. The original Sanskrit scriptures are now incomplete, and the Pali scriptures and translations from Sanskrit The Chinese translation, the Tibetan translation, the Mongolian translation from the Tibetan translation, the Manchurian translation, the Xixia translation and other Tripitakas are still largely intact to this day. The Buddhist scriptures circulating today can be divided into several languages: Pali, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, Manchu, Tangut, Western, etc.; the first two are primitive Buddhist scriptures, and the following ones are The second kind is composed of the first two translators.

(1) Pali: The Pali Tripitaka, also known as the Tripitaka of Theravada, is the holy scripture on which southern Buddhism is based. Its founding date is estimated to be the second to first century BC. According to the records of the History of Ceylon (Ba Di^pavam!sa), at the end of the first century AD, King Vat!t!aga^man!i of Ceylon died in The Abhayagiri monastery invited five hundred saints to write the orally transmitted Pali Tripitaka, which is the prototype of today's Pali Tripitaka. After many changes, in the fifth century AD, Buddha (Buddhaghosa, also known as Buddha Qusha) went to Ceylon and changed all the Buddhist scriptures transmitted in the native language at that time into the native Pali language of India, and thoroughly sorted out the relevant texts. Commentary, the Pali Tipitaka is now complete. Later, the Buddha's message was preached to Burma and other places, and the Pali Tripitaka was also spread to Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Khmer and other places. Therefore, it is known that the Pali Tripitaka was centered in Ceylon and gradually spread to Myanmar and other places. Today

There are various versions of the Pali Tripitaka in Ceylonese, Burmese, Siamese, and Cambodian scripts. At the end of the 19th century, King Chula Longkorn V of Thailand initiated the compilation, collation and dissemination of southern Buddhist scriptures, and published the entire Tibetan Buddhist scriptures in the Siamese official version, which greatly benefited the academic world. In addition, Western Buddhist scholars began to study the Pali Buddhist scriptures in the 19th century, so the publication and translation of the Pali Tripitaka has been advancing with each passing day. (See ‘The Tripitaka’ 3748)

(2) Sanskrit: Indian aristocrats originally had a popular elegant language. However, when the Buddha was still alive, he did not use elegant language because he advocated the equality of the four surnames. A hundred years after the death of the Buddha, the grammarian Borni formulated the elegant language in detail to make it easier to use. Buddhists also adopted it to record the Buddhist scriptures. This is the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures. It is impossible to determine which of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures and the Pali Buddhist scriptures came first or later. However, there are differences between Jingwei and Jingwei in their distribution areas. It is said that during the reign of King Kanishekya, the Tripitaka was identified, and those who did not have a written version were written down, and those who had a written version were collated. The Sanskrit Buddhist canon was said to be complete. However, most of the existing Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures are only fragments, and the content is general and confusing, not as complete and clear as the Pali Tipitaka. In terms of doctrine, it can be said that the Pali Tripitaka belongs entirely to Hinayana teachings, while most of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures belong to Mahayana teachings. Most of them have already been translated into Chinese, but there are also many precious documents that have not yet been translated into Chinese. In modern times, Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures have been discovered in Nepal, Tibet, Central Asia and other places, with the largest number of discoveries in Nepal. In 1822, the Englishman B.H. Hodgson collected Sanskrit scriptures in Nepal and obtained 380 old and new manuscripts. From 1873 to 1876, the British D. Wright continued to collect and obtained more than 320 volumes.

The reason why many Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures exist in Nepal is because according to scholars’ research, in the early third century after the death of the Buddha, Buddhism in Central India suffered unprecedented persecution, and many Indian Buddhists fled to Nepal. In the 13th century, Muslims invaded India, and Indian Buddhists fled to Nepal. The climate here is bitter and cold, which is very suitable for the preservation of Buddhist vases. In addition to Nepal, a large number of Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures have been unearthed in Khotan, Dunhuang, Gaochang, Qiuci and other places, which have made great contributions and influences to the academic world. Although there are only a few original Sanskrit Tripitakas in existence, they flowed into Tibet and China in the first century AD and have already been translated into vast Tibetan and Chinese Tripitakas, which occupy an important position among all Buddhist scriptures. .

(3) Chinese: Among the translated classics of various branches of Buddhism, the Chinese translation of the Tripitaka is the earliest and has the largest volume. It started from the Later Han Dynasty and ended in the Yuan Dynasty. It was composed of Sanskrit, Ba Translated from Li language, Hu language, etc. The earliest classic translations were represented by An Shigao who came to Luoyang in the second year of Jianhe (148) of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He mainly translated Hinayana classics. In the last years of Emperor Huan's reign, Lou Jiaxie, a branch of the Dayue clan, also came to Luoyang and mainly translated Mahayana classics. At the beginning of the translation of classics, they just wrote and transmitted them individually. By the time of Fu Qin Dao'an (314? ~ 385), the translated scriptures began to be collected, classified and compiled into a catalog. This is the "Comprehensive Catalog of Classics", which is divided into: Compilation There are eight parts including Chu Jing Lun Lu, Yi Chu Jing Lu, Ancient Yi Jing Lu, Lost Translation Jing Lu, Liang Tu Yi Jing Lu, Guanzhong Yi Jing Lu, Questioning Jing Lu, Annotations and Miscellaneous Classics, *** It contains 639 volumes and 886 volumes of scriptures, making it the first catalog of Buddhist scriptures in my country. Later, Sengyou, Baochang and others also compiled various sutras to supplement it. At that time, all the translated scriptures were written and placed in palaces and major temples. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the translation industry had become more prosperous, and there were single translations, double translations, different translations, doubts, falsehoods, etc. Collections, biographies and writings written by our country were also collected one after another.