Explains what important developments China's travel and tourism industry has experienced in its history in the context of globalization

The basic theories and knowledge of Chinese travel history and culture are briefly introduced, while relevant cultural links are made. Taking Chinese culture, Chinese history, ideology and culture, institutional culture, folk culture, traditional art and culture, artifacts and culture, food and beverage culture, landscape culture, and historical and cultural media involved in the history and culture of Chinese travel and tourism as the main line of content, this course strives to highlight its own characteristics in terms of clarifying the learning objectives, enhancing the interestingness, expanding the It strives to highlight its own characteristics in terms of clarifying learning objectives, enhancing interest, expanding reading surface, summarizing chapter summaries and knowledge points, and consolidating what has been learned.

This book focuses on highlighting humanistic education, ability and comprehensive quality training, with strong readability and applicability, it is not only a very good teaching book for higher vocational and tertiary tourism majors, but also can be used as a training material for different levels of practitioners in the tourism industry as well as for the development of the comprehensive quality of the personnel of the related industries, and at the same time, it also provides readers of all walks of life with a very good cultural and scientific reading material.

Table of Contents Editorial

Chapter 1 Chinese Culture1

Section 1: Cultural Origins1

I. What is Culture1

II. Cultural Development2

III. Culture and Tourism3

Section 2: Traditional Chinese Culture4

I. Connotation of Traditional Chinese Culture5

III. Characteristics of Chinese Culture6

Section III: Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures7

I. The Worldwide Significance of Chinese Culture7

II. The Influence of Chinese Culture on Western Culture8

III. Differences between Eastern and Western Cultures9

Thinking Questions10

Chapter II: Chinese History 11

Section I. Major Historical Events11

I. National Integration11

1?The Yellow Emperor's Battle of Chi You12

2?The Competition of the Vassals in the Spring and Autumn Period12

3?Zhaojun's Exodus from the Western Frontier13

4?The Reforms of Hanization of the Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty13

5?Princess Wencheng's Entry into Tibet14

II, Political Reform15

1?Shang Yang's Change of Law15

2?Wang Anshi's Change of Law15

III. Ideological Changes16

1?The Hundred Schools of Thought16

2?Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Respect for Confucianism17

IV. Ancient Warfare17

1?The War of the Chu-Han Dynasty18

2?The Battle of Red Cliffs 18

3?The Battle of Interstate 19

V. Foreign Exchange20

1?Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions20

2?Xuanzang's Journey to the West21

3?Ganjin's Eastward Expedition22

4?Zheng He's Journey to the West22

Section II: Distinguished Historical Figures23

I.I. Ideological Pioneer23

1?Laozi23

2?Confucius24

3?Sunzi24

4?Mozi25

5?Han Feizi25

II.Thousands of Ancient Emperors26

1?Yellow Emperor26

2?Qin Shi Huang26

3?Li Shimin27

4? Zhu Yuanzhang27

5?Kangxi the Great28

Three, literary giants29

1?Qu Yuan29

2?Sima Qian29

3?Li Bai30

4?Du Fu30

Four, scientific and technological excellence31

1?Lu Ban31

2?Cai Lun32 <

V. National Heroes33

1?Qi Jiguang33

2?Zheng Chenggong34

3?Lin Zexu34

Section III: Major Scientific and Technological Achievements35

I.Astronomy, Calendar, Geography, and Medicine35

1?Astronomical Aspects35

2?Calendar Aspects36

3?Geography37

4?Medicine38

II.Agriculture and handicrafts40

1?Agriculture40

2?Handicrafts41

III.The Four Great Inventions42

1?Papermaking42

2?Compass43

3?Gunpowder43

4?Printing43

4.Ancient Architecture44

1?The Great Wall of China44

2?Zhaozhou Bridge45

3?The Forbidden City45

Thinking Questions46 Chapter 3: Ideology and Culture48

Section I: Confucianism49

I.Confucius and Confucianism49

1?Confucius His person49

2?The main contents of Confucius' doctrine49

II. Confucianism and its development50

1?Mencius' "benevolent government", "people-oriented",

"goodness of nature" and "goodness of the nature".51

2?Confucius and Confucianism50

3? "The "Three Principles and Five Constants" of Han Confucianism51

3?Song and Ming Confucianism51

4?Modern New Confucianism52

3. 1?The Essence of Confucian Culture52

2?Famous Places of Confucianism53

Section II: Taoism in China55

I.The Ideological Origins of Taoism--Lao Tzu and

Taoism55

II.Taoist Culture56

1?Brief History of the Founding and Development of Taoism56

1?Brief History of Taoism56

2?The Founding and Development of Taoism56

3?Taoism's Culture56

4? Development56

2?Taoist Classics and Symbols56

3?Taoist Doctrines56

4?Gods and Immortals Worshipped in Taoism57

3.Famous Taoist Sites58

1?The Five Mountain Sites58

2?Famous Taoist Mountains59

3?Famous Taoist Palaces60

3.Section III. Buddhism in China60

I. Introduction to Buddhism61

1?The Creation of Buddhism61

2?The Development and Spread of Buddhism61

3?The Spread and Development of Buddhism in China62

II. Buddhist Culture64

1?Buddhist Doctrines64

2?Buddhist Classics65

3?Buddhist Gods65

4?Buddhist Rituals and Major Festivals67

3.Buddhist Sights67

1?The Four Famous Buddhist Mountains67

2?Famous Buddhist Temples68

Thinking Questions69

Chapter IV Institutional Culture70

Section 1: The System of Officials71

I, Official System71

1?Pre-Qin Centralized Official System71

2?Qin and Han Centralized Official System72

3?Sui and Tang Centralized Official System73

4?Song and Yuan Centralized Official System73

5?Ming and Qing Official Systems74

II.Selection of Officials74

1?Zen-Transition System74

2?The Throne Hereditary System75

3?Military Merit and Rank System75

4?Inspection and Recruitment75

5?Nine-Profile Zhongzheng System76

6?Imperial Examination System76

Third, Links to the Culture of Officialdom77

1?Appointment System77

2?Examination and Courses System78

3?Honorable Titles and Ranks System 79

Section II: The Educational System80

1?The Creation of Education80

2?Governmental Schools80

1?The Central Governmental Schools80

2?The Local Governmental Schools81

3.Private Schools82

1?The Creation of Private Schools83

2?The Development of Private Schools83

4 The development of the Shugakuin system84

1?The emergence of the Shugakuin84

2?The establishment of the Shugakuin system84

3?The officialization of the Shugakuin system84

4?The boom and destruction of the Shugakuin system85

5?The disappearance of the Shugakuin qualities and the reorganization of the Shugakuin 85

Section III: The Legal System86

I.Slave Legal System 86

1?Xia dynasty legal system86

2?Shang dynasty legal system86

3?Western Zhou legal system87

4?Spring and Autumn and Warring States legal system87

2.Feudal legal system88

1?Qin and Han legal system88

2?Three Kingdoms, Two Jin, and North and South dynasties legal system89

3?Sui and Tang legal system89 <

4?Song and Yuan legal system90

5?Ming and Qing legal system90

Three, the history of torture92

1?combing92

2?flaying92

3?waist beheading92

4?five horses and split the body92

5?lynching93

6?hanged head93

7?Inviting the king into a jar93

8?Amputation and clubbing93

Thinking Questions93

Chapter 5: Folk Culture95

Section 1: Folk Culture95

I.Overview of Folk Culture95

II.Formation of Folk Customs96

III.Characteristics of Folk Culture97

Section 2 Clothing Culture98

I. History and Elements of Clothing Culture98

II. Characteristics of Clothing99

III. Cultural Connotation of Clothing100

Section III: Festivals 101

I. Overview of Festivals101

II. Characteristics of the Culture and Social Functions102

III. Major Festivals 102

Section IV: Beliefs and Taboo Culture 104

I. Beliefs Ethnic Culture 105

II. Taboo Folk Culture 105

Thinking Questions 108

Chapter VI: Traditional Arts and Culture 109

Section I: Traditional Calligraphic Arts 109

I. Chinese Characters 110

II. Origins of Calligraphy111

III. The Four Treasures of Literature113

Section 2: Traditional Painting Art113

Section 3: Traditional Chinese Music Art115

I. Pre-Sui-Dynasty Music115

II. Sui and Tang Dynasty Music116

III. Music of the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties117

Fourth, the music of the Qing Dynasty and the

introduction of Western music117

Fifth, the recent and modern music118

Section IV: The Art of Traditional Dance120

I.The Historical Development and

Transformation of Traditional Dance in China121

1?The Dance of Primitive Society121

2?The Slave Society Dance of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods122

3?Dance of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods123

4?Dance of the Han Dynasty124

5?Dance of the Two Jin and the Northern and Southern Dynasties125

6?Dance of the Tang Dynasty125

7?Dance of the Song Dynasty126

8?Dance of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties127

II, Minority Dance127

3? The Survival and

Development of Ethnic and Folk Dance128

Section 5: Traditional Chinese Opera Art129

1? Miscellaneous Operas of the Yuan Dynasty and the Southern Opera129

2? Operas of the Ming and Qing Periods131

Reflections132

Chapter 7: The Culture of Artifacts 134

Section 1: Ancient Artifacts134

I. Ancient Jades134

II. Ancient Ceramics136

III. Ancient Bronzes137

IV. Ancient Coins138

Section 2: The Culture of Arts and Crafts in China 138

I. An Overview of the Arts and Crafts in China138

II.

Second, Characteristics of Arts and Crafts139

Third, Classification of Arts and Crafts140

Thinking Questions141

Chapter VIII Food Culture142

Section I Food Culture142

I.A Brief History of Culinary Arts143

1?The Origin of Chinese Culinary Arts143

2?The Development of Chinese Culinary Arts 144

3?The Prosperity of Chinese Cuisine145

II. Objects of Dietary Research145

1?Contents of the Study of Chinese Dietary Culture145

2?Objects of the Study of Chinese Dietary Culture145

3?Classification of the Study of Chinese Dietary Culture146

III. Flavors and Folklore of Diet146

1?

1?The Eight Cuisines147

2?Folklore and Food Customs148

3?Snacks149

Fourth, Feasts and Food Appliances150

1?Characteristics of Feasts and Banquets150

2?Food Appliances151

Section Two: Wine Culture151

I.The Brewing of Wine 151

II. Speaking of Famous Wines153

III. Evaluation of Famous Wines154

IV. Wine Customs and Rituals155

Section III: Tea Culture156

I.The Formation and Development of Tea Culture in China156

1?The Formation of Tea Culture156

2?The Rise of Tea Culture in Tang Dynasty157

3?The rise of tea culture in the Song Dynasty158

4?The heyday of tea drinking159

5?Chinese tea regained its splendor160

II.Connotation of Tea Culture162

1?The Tea Ceremony162

2?Tea Ceremonies164

III.Tea Production and Famous Teas165

1? Green Tea165

2?Black Tea168

3?Oolong Tea168

4?Yellow Tea170

5?White Tea171

6?Black Tea172

7?Reprocessed Teas173

Fourth, Tea Drinking173

1?Tea Amount174

2?Water temperature174

3?Time175

4?The etiquette of tea tasting175

Fifth, teahouse culture176

1?Formation and development of teahouses176

2?Modern teahouses with different styles178

Thinking Questions183

Chapter 9 Landscape Culture184

Section I. Landscape Culture184

I. Overview185

II. The ****ness of Landscape Culture186

1?Landscape Worship186

2?Landscape Appreciation186

3?Landscape Science186

III. Landscape Fame187

1?Famous Mountains187

2?Types of water landscape culture188

Section II Architectural Culture189

I.Overview189

1?The nature of ancient Chinese architecture189

2?The basic features of ancient Chinese architecture190

II.City Architecture191

1?Types of tourist cities191

2?City Symbol Architecture 191

III. Palace Architecture 192

1?Palace History 192

2?Layout and Furnishing of Palaces 193

3?Brief Introduction of Examples 193

IV. Garden Architecture195

1?Origin and Development of Gardens in China 195

2?Types of Gardens in China 195

2? Types of gardens195

3?Characteristics of Chinese gardens196

4?Components of gardens196

5?Gardening techniques197

V. Altar and Temple Architecture197

1?History of altars and temples197

2?Main altars and temples198

VI. Mausoleum architecture199

1?Mausoleum History199

2?Mausoleum Architecture199

3?The underground palace199

4?Accompanying (martyred) funerary objects200

5?Imperial tombs200

VII.Religious Architecture201

1?Buddhist Architecture201

2?Taoist Architecture203

VIII. Folk Residence Architecture203

1?Characteristics of Folk Residence Forms203

2?Types of Modern Vernacular Folk Residence204

9.Bridge Architecture204

1?Arch Bridges204

2?Beam Bridges205

3?Other Forms of Bridges205

Food for Thought205

Thinking Questions205

Chapter X. Historical and Cultural Media206

Section I. National Languages and Chinese Characters206

I. Origin of Languages and Characters207

II. Chinese Languages and Characters207

III. Ethnic Languages and Characters209

Section II. China's Intangible Cultural Heritage210

I. Intangible Cultural Heritage211

II. The

Significance of Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage211

III. The First National List of Intangible

Chinese Cultural Heritage212

1?Folk Literature (*** counting 31 items)212

2?Folk Music (*** counting 72 items)213

3?Folk Dance (** counting 41 items)215

3? *41 items)215

4?Traditional Drama (*** 92 items)217

5?Quill (*** 46 items)220

6?Acrobatics and Athletics (*** 17 items)221

7?Folk Art (*** 51 items)222

8?Traditional Handicrafts (*** 89 items)223

9? items)223

9?Traditional medicine (*** counting 9 items)226

10?Folklore (*** counting 70 items)226

Fourth, the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List228

Thinking Questions229

References231 Chapter 1 Introduction1

Section I. The Public*** Relationships and the Tourism Public* **Relationships2

I. Meaning of Public ***Relationships and Tourism Public ***Relationships2

II. Definition of Public ***Relationships5