What are the characteristics of Hakka architecture?

In order to prevent the invasion of foreign enemies and wild animals, most Hakkas live in groups and form a dragon circle. Dragon House began in Tang and Song Dynasties and prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It often takes five years, ten years or even longer for Hakkas to choose hilly areas or sloping fields to build a complete Longwei house. Together with the quadrangle in Beijing, the cave dwelling in Shaanxi, the "shoulder pole" in Guangxi and the "one seal" in Yunnan, it is called the five characteristic residential buildings in China. Longwu is a kind of mansion building form in ancient Central Plains of China. Hakka folk houses have five advantages: first, they are completely economical; Second, the firmness is good; The third is wonderful physics; Fourth, outstanding defensive; The fifth is unique artistry. The common types of houses in Heyuan area are: Zouma House, Tang Chuan House, Lock House, Shanglugen House, Wufeng House, Row-by-row Multi-bar House, Four-corner Golden House (Four-corner House) and so on. In the border areas of Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi, we can still see a kind of high-rise building in the form of a cylindrical or square bunker, which is a kind of residential building built by Hakkas in the early days after they settled down in the south, and it is called a round building and a square building. Such diverse residential buildings are gradually developed after the Hakka people settled down. Characteristics of Hakka traditional dwellings Hakka traditional dwellings, represented by earth buildings, dragon houses and palace houses, have various types and styles. However, their firmness, safety, closeness and family settlement are their outstanding characteristics. First, the round and square earth buildings in Fujian and Guangdong are now generally 200-300 years old or even 500-600 years old. They have been washed away by wind and rain, attacked by strong earthquakes and typhoons, and are safe and sound so far, standing proudly in the mountains. Such a solid residence cannot be separated from careful site selection, scientific design, materials and construction methods. Now only from the earth building building materials and construction methods to do some explanation. The wall of tulou is thicker under the wall and thinner on the top, and some of them are as high as 1.5 meters. When tamping, first dig a deep and large wall ditch at the foundation of the wall, tamp it, bury it with stones as the foundation, and then build it with stones and mortar. Then tamp the wall with sandwich panels. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with appropriate amount of pebbles and lime, repeatedly pounded and stirred evenly to make the so-called "cooked soil". Some key parts should be mixed with appropriate amount of glutinous rice and brown sugar to increase their viscosity. When tamping, Chinese fir branches or bamboo pieces should be buried in the middle of the earth wall as "wall bones" to increase its tension. In this way, after repeated ramming, a steel-concrete earth wall was built, and a layer of lime was coated outside to prevent wind and rain erosion, so it was strong and abnormal, with good wind and earthquake resistance. According to Yongding County Records, a great earthquake occurred in 19 18, with a loud noise of 20 minutes during the day and continuous shaking at night, but the earth building was intact. Second, in the history of security, Hakkas were originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains. After they moved south to the mountainous area at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, in order to prevent looting by natives and bandits and attacks by wild animals, for example, like an old castle, there were no outward windows on the first and second floors, or only stone windows as slender as gun holes. On the third and fourth floors, each room has large windows facing outward, which is not only conducive to lighting and air circulation, but also a loophole for observing the enemy's situation and shooting outward. The doorframe and doorsill of the Tulou gate are all stones, and the door panel is about 10 cm thick. Some doors were dug obliquely, and several openings were embedded with bamboo tubes. If bandits attack the door, they can shoot it down and pour boiling water. Some tulou doors are also equipped with fire-proof water tanks and sinks. If the invading enemy sets fire to the door, just press the switch and water will flow down the door to put out the fire and protect the door. Earth buildings are inherently strong and abnormal, but just in case, some earth buildings are rammed on the sandwich wall. In case the external wall is blown open by gunfire, the earth building is still supported by the sandwich wall and is safe and sound. There are all kinds of living facilities in the earth building: the deep well in the patio is the water source when it is besieged, and there are equipment for processing water, water and other foods in the building. All this made the bandits unable to attack for a long time. As for the towering "four-point gold" of the four-corner tower, attracting bandits is even more daunting. 3. Enclosed Hakka dwellings, whether earth buildings, enclosed houses or Wufeng buildings, every room, hall and patio in them are connected by corridors, alleys and stairs, which is convenient for residents to live. However, they are completely isolated from the outside world. Generally, there is only one front door and one back door, or one front door and two side doors. Gatehouses have been installed in all the horizontal houses and semi-circular houses in the enclosure and dragon house. In case of robbery, as long as the door is closed, it will be closed tightly. Four, Hakka earth building, enclosed house, Wufeng building, etc. Households are generally large in scale. Yongding "Chengqi Building" has more than 300 rooms with an area of 5,376 square meters. The "Heritage Building" has five floors, with an area of 10336 square meters, and there are 5/kloc-0 halls alone. No wonder a Japanese architecture professor wrote after seeing Yongding Earth Building: "This touching Hakka Earth Building is a small town rather than a huge house". Such a huge residence is just to adapt to the characteristics of living together. In its heyday, there were more than 600 people living in 80 households in Chengqi Building. There are more than 300 rooms in Longjuandi, my hometown of Roche, and there are 50 households with 350 people living in Roche. Although there are many households, due to the large number of rooms, halls and patios, small living units with halls, patios and several rooms can be formed, so that each household has its own place and looks elegant and comfortable. It is worth mentioning that the ancestral hall is the "heart" of earth buildings and enclosed houses. This is the place where the head of the family gathers his parents to discuss. On holidays, every family comes here with all kinds of offerings to worship their ancestors. When a man gets married, he must worship heaven and earth in the ancestral hall, knock on his ancestors and entertain guests. After a daughter marries and says goodbye to her ancestors, she can put on a hijab and walk on a big round plaque symbolizing reunion. After the old man died, the ancestral hall became a mourning hall. In this way, a ancestral temple unites the whole family in harmony and enjoys family happiness.